Public Notary System in Korea: Document Authentication Guide (EN/中文/日本語/Español)

🌐 Language / 語言 / 言語 / Idioma: English 中文 日本語 Español 📋 Korean Law Insight | Korean Legal System By Attorney NOH UJIN | HANBYOL LAW LLC, Seoul Public Notary (공증) System in Korea: A Complete Legal Guide to Document Authentication for Foreign Individuals and Businesses Korea's notarization system — operating under the Notary Public Act (공증인법) and the Civil Procedure Code's provisions on notarial deeds — differs significantly from common-law notary systems familiar to many foreign businesspeople and individuals. Understanding how Korean public notaries (공증인) function is essential for anyone executing powers of attorney, loan agreements, corporate resolutions, or other documents intended for use in Korea or abroad. 1. What Is a Korean Public Notary, and How Does It Differ from the Western Notary? In common-law jurisdictions (US, UK, etc.), a "notary public" is typically a low-level official who verifies identity and witnesses signatures. I...

Doing Business in Korea: Step-by-Step Legal Guide for Foreign Startups (EN/中文/日本語/Español)

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📋 Korean Law Insight | Company Formation & Foreign Investment

Doing Business in Korea: Step-by-Step Legal Guide for Foreign Startups

South Korea has emerged as one of Asia's most dynamic startup ecosystems, ranked consistently among the top 10 globally by the Global Startup Ecosystem Report. Home to tech giants such as Samsung, Kakao, and Krafton, the country offers a deep talent pool, world-class infrastructure, and a government actively courting foreign entrepreneurs through streamlined visa programs and financial incentives. Yet navigating Korea's regulatory landscape can be complex for outsiders unfamiliar with local law, language, and bureaucratic procedures.

This guide provides a comprehensive, step-by-step legal roadmap for foreign entrepreneurs and startups seeking to establish and operate a business in the Republic of Korea. From entity selection and registration to labor compliance, intellectual property protection, and tax obligations, every critical legal milestone is covered.

1. Choosing the Right Business Entity

Foreign investors have several legal structures available under the Foreign Investment Promotion Act (FIPA, 외국인투자촉진법) and the Commercial Act (상법):

Entity TypeKorean NameMinimum CapitalBest For
Stock Company (Corporation)주식회사 (Jusik Hoesa)None (practical: KRW 100M+)VC-backed startups, larger operations
Limited Liability Company유한회사 (Yuhan Hoesa)NoneJoint ventures, subsidiaries
Limited Partnership Company유한합자회사NoneFund structures
Branch Office지점NoneSales/marketing arms of foreign companies
Liaison Office연락사무소NoneMarket research only (no revenue)

For most foreign startups, the 주식회사 (Jusik Hoesa) — equivalent to a C-Corp — is the preferred choice due to its compatibility with venture capital investment, the ability to issue multiple share classes, and general credibility with Korean partners and government agencies.

2. Foreign Investment Registration

Before incorporating, foreign investors must register their investment with the relevant authority under FIPA. The minimum qualifying investment is KRW 100 million (approximately USD 75,000) to receive foreign-invested company (FIC) status, which unlocks key benefits such as tax incentives and access to industrial complexes.

Registration can be completed through:

  • Korea Trade-Investment Promotion Agency (KOTRA) Invest KOREA centers nationwide
  • Designated foreign exchange banks (e.g., KEB Hana, Shinhan, Woori)
  • Online via the Foreign Investment Online (FIO) portal: www.foreinvestment.go.kr

3. Company Incorporation Process

The incorporation of a Jusik Hoesa follows these steps:

  1. Draft Articles of Incorporation (정관) — must be notarized by a Korean notary public
  2. Capital deposit — transfer funds to a temporary corporate bank account and obtain a bank balance certificate
  3. Court registration — file incorporation documents with the competent district court registry (등기소)
  4. Business registration — register with the National Tax Service (NTS, 국세청) within 20 days of incorporation
  5. Social insurance registration — register for National Health Insurance (NHI), National Pension Service (NPS), Employment Insurance, and Industrial Accident Insurance

The entire process typically takes 2–4 weeks with proper legal assistance. Use of the Invest KOREA one-stop service can compress this to approximately 10 business days.

4. Visa Options for Foreign Founders

Korea offers several visa pathways for foreign entrepreneurs:

  • D-8 (Corporate Investment Visa): For foreign investors who invest KRW 100M+ and employ at least one Korean national. Most common for founders of FICs.
  • D-8-4 (Startup Visa): For tech startup founders accepted into government-recognized accelerator programs (e.g., TIPS, K-Startup Grand Challenge). Lower capital requirement.
  • D-9 (Trade Management Visa): For international trade activities.
  • F-2 / F-5 (Residency Visas): Long-term residency for qualified investors after meeting point-based criteria.

The K-Startup Grand Challenge program run by the Ministry of SMEs and Startups (MSS) offers a particularly attractive pathway, providing visa sponsorship, office space, and seed funding for selected foreign teams.

5. Business Licensing and Permits

Depending on the industry, additional licenses may be required beyond basic business registration:

  • Fintech/Financial Services: Electronic Financial Transactions Act (전자금융거래법) license from the FSC/FSS
  • Healthcare/Medical Devices: MFDS (식품의약품안전처) approval
  • Telecommunications: KCC (방송통신위원회) registration
  • Food & Beverage: MFDS food business permit
  • Real Estate: MOLIT (국토교통부) brokerage license
  • Education (Hagwon): Local education office (교육청) registration

6. Labor Law Essentials for Startups

Korean labor law, governed primarily by the Labor Standards Act (근로기준법, LSA), is employee-protective and strictly enforced. Key obligations for startups:

  • Written employment contracts are mandatory for all employees (Article 17, LSA)
  • Minimum wage: KRW 10,030/hour (2024); rises annually
  • Working hours: 40 hours/week standard, max 52 hours with overtime
  • Severance pay: 1 month's average wage per year of service (mandatory for employees working 1+ year)
  • Four mandatory social insurances: National Pension, Health Insurance, Employment Insurance, Industrial Accident Compensation Insurance

Startups with fewer than 5 employees are exempt from some LSA provisions (e.g., overtime pay rules, dismissal restrictions), but this exception narrows as the company grows.

7. Intellectual Property Registration

Protecting your IP in Korea is critical from day one. The Korean Intellectual Property Office (KIPO, 특허청) administers:

  • Patent registration: 15–18 months typical examination period; fast-track (우선심사) available in ~2 months
  • Trademark registration: 9–12 months; Madrid Protocol available for international coverage
  • Design registration: 6–9 months
  • Copyright: Automatic upon creation; registration with KOCCA is optional but evidentiary

Foreign startups should file in Korea before publicly disclosing their invention to preserve novelty, as Korea follows a first-to-file system.

8. Tax Registration and Obligations

Key taxes applicable to Korean startups:

TaxRateNotes
Corporate Income Tax9% / 19% / 21% / 24%Progressive brackets; SME rate benefits available
Value Added Tax (VAT)10%Quarterly filing; threshold exemption for small businesses
Withholding Tax (dividends)20% (reduced by treaty)Treaty rates apply (e.g., US: 10–15%)
Local Income Tax10% of CITSurtax on corporate income tax

Startups qualifying as Venture Companies (벤처기업) under the Act on Special Measures for the Promotion of Venture Businesses may receive a 50% corporate tax reduction for 5 years and other incentives including capital gains tax exemptions for angel investors.

9. Government Support Programs

Korea offers extensive startup support through:

  • TIPS (Tech Incubator Program for Startups): Private-led accelerator investment matched by government grants up to KRW 500M
  • K-Startup Grand Challenge: Annual competition for global startups; winners receive visas, KRW 100M+ in support
  • 창업진흥원 (KISED): Korea Institute of Startup and Entrepreneurship Development — manages most MSS startup programs
  • Invest KOREA (KOTRA): Free consulting, location matchmaking, regulatory navigation
  • Seoul Business Agency (SBA): Seoul-focused support including the Global Startup Center in Mapo

10. Data Privacy Compliance (PIPA)

All businesses handling personal data of Korean residents must comply with the Personal Information Protection Act (개인정보보호법, PIPA), enforced by the Personal Information Protection Commission (PIPC). Key startup obligations:

  • Appoint a Privacy Officer (개인정보보호책임자, CPO)
  • Publish a comprehensive Privacy Policy on your website/app
  • Obtain explicit consent for data collection and processing
  • Implement technical safeguards (encryption, access controls)
  • Notify PIPC and affected individuals within 72 hours of a data breach

📌 Official References

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)

Q1: Can a foreigner own 100% of a Korean company?

Yes. Korea permits 100% foreign ownership in most industries. Exceptions include broadcasting, certain defense sectors, and some utilities. The Foreign Investment Promotion Act (FIPA) protects foreign investors' ownership rights and ensures national treatment in most commercial sectors.

Q2: How long does company incorporation take for foreigners?

Typically 2–4 weeks with professional assistance, including document notarization, capital deposit, court registration, and tax registration. Using the Invest KOREA one-stop service can reduce this to approximately 10 business days. Note that certain documents (e.g., powers of attorney from abroad) may require apostille certification, adding time.

Q3: Do I need to be physically present in Korea to incorporate?

Not necessarily. A local representative (법인설립대리인) holding a notarized power of attorney can handle most steps. However, for D-8 visa applications, the founder will eventually need to appear at an immigration office in person. The initial incorporation itself can often be completed remotely with proper documentation.

Q4: What is the minimum investment to qualify for FIC status and a D-8 visa?

KRW 100 million (approximately USD 75,000) is the standard minimum under FIPA. For D-8-4 startup visas through accelerator programs, the threshold can be lower (often KRW 30–50M depending on the program). Investments must be genuine capital contributions, not loans.

Q5: Are there restricted industries for foreign investment in Korea?

Yes. Korea maintains a "negative list" of restricted or prohibited sectors under FIPA. Currently restricted include: rice/barley cultivation, maritime fisheries, newspaper publishing, and certain broadcasting. Sectors requiring government approval include financial services, real estate brokerage, and legal services. The Korea Investment Promotion Portal provides the current restricted industry list.

Q6: What taxes can startups avoid or minimize in Korea?

Venture-certified companies enjoy 50% corporate income tax reduction for 5 years. Technology-intensive startups in designated free economic zones may receive full CIT exemption for 3 years and 50% reduction for 2 more years. R&D expenditure tax credits of 25–30% are available for SMEs. Angel investors in venture companies receive capital gains tax exemption on qualified investments.

Q7: What happens if I fail to comply with Korean labor law as a startup?

Violations of the Labor Standards Act can result in criminal penalties (fines up to KRW 30M or imprisonment up to 2 years for managers), civil claims from employees, and damage to the company's reputation. The Ministry of Employment and Labor (MOEL) conducts workplace inspections. Startups are not exempt from labor law enforcement regardless of size, though some provisions only apply once the workforce exceeds 5 employees.

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📋 韩国法律洞察 | 公司设立 & 外商投资

在韩国开展业务:外国初创企业分步法律指南

韩国已成为亚洲最具活力的创业生态系统之一,在全球创业生态系统报告中长期位居前十。三星、Kakao和Krafton等科技巨头均发源于此,该国提供了深厚的人才储备、世界级基础设施,以及政府通过简化签证项目和财务激励措施积极吸引外国企业家的环境。然而,对于不熟悉当地法律、语言和行政程序的外来者来说,驾驭韩国的监管环境可能颇为复杂。

本指南为希望在大韩民国设立和经营企业的外国企业家和初创公司提供全面的分步法律路线图,涵盖从主体选择、登记注册到劳动合规、知识产权保护和税务义务等每个关键法律里程碑。

1. 选择合适的企业主体

根据《外国人投资促进法》(FIPA)和《商法》,外国投资者可选择以下法律结构:

主体类型韩文名称最低资本适合对象
股份公司주식회사无(实际建议1亿韩元以上)获得风险投资的初创企业、规模较大的运营
有限责任公司유한회사无合资企业、子公司
有限合伙公司유한합자회사无基金架构
分支机构지점无外国公司的销售/营销部门
联络办公室연락사무소无仅限市场调研(不产生收入)

对于大多数外国初创企业,주식회사(股份公司)——相当于C型公司——是首选,因为它与风险投资兼容、可以发行多种股票类别,并且在韩国合作伙伴和政府机构眼中具有较高的可信度。

2. 外商投资登记

在设立公司之前,外国投资者必须依据FIPA向相关机构登记其投资。获得外商投资企业(FIC)资格的最低合格投资额为1亿韩元(约合7.5万美元),这将解锁税收优惠和进入工业园区等主要福利。

登记可通过以下渠道完成:

  • 韩国贸易投资振兴公社(KOTRA)全国各地的"投资韩国"中心
  • 指定外汇银行(如KEB韩亚银行、新韩银行、友利银行)
  • 通过"外商投资在线"(FIO)门户网站在线办理

3. 公司设立流程

设立股份公司需遵循以下步骤:

  1. 起草公司章程——须经韩国公证人公证
  2. 存入资本金——将资金转入临时公司银行账户并取得银行余额证明
  3. 法院登记——向有管辖权的地方法院登记处提交设立文件
  4. 营业登记——在设立后20天内向国税厅(NTS)办理登记
  5. 社会保险登记——登记国民健康保险、国民年金、就业保险和产业灾害补偿保险

在获得专业法律协助的情况下,整个流程通常需要2至4周。利用"投资韩国"一站式服务可将时间缩短至约10个工作日。

4. 外国创始人的签证选择

  • D-8(法人投资签证):适用于投资1亿韩元以上并雇用至少一名韩国公民的外国投资者
  • D-8-4(创业签证):适用于被政府认可加速器项目录取的科技创业公司创始人,资本要求较低
  • D-9(贸易管理签证):适用于国际贸易活动
  • F-2/F-5(居留签证):符合积分制标准的合格投资者可获长期居留权

5. 营业许可证

根据行业不同,除基本营业登记外,可能还需要其他许可证:金融科技需FSC/FSS许可证;医疗器械需MFDS批准;电信需KCC登记;食品需MFDS食品经营许可证;房地产需MOLIT经纪人执照;教育(补习班)需地方教育局登记。

6. 知识产权保护

从第一天起保护您在韩国的知识产权至关重要。韩国特许厅(KIPO)负责管理专利(审查周期15-18个月,快速通道约2个月)、商标(9-12个月)、外观设计(6-9个月)及著作权的登记。韩国实行"先申请原则",外国初创企业应在公开披露发明前在韩国提出申请。

7. 税务义务

韩国初创企业适用的主要税种:企业所得税(9%/19%/21%/24%累进税率)、增值税(10%)、股息预扣税(20%,税收协定可降低)、地方所得税(企业所得税的10%)。获得"风险企业"认定的公司可享受5年50%的企业所得税减免及天使投资者资本利得税豁免等优惠。

8. 数据隐私合规(PIPA)

所有处理韩国居民个人数据的企业必须遵守《个人信息保护法》(PIPA)。主要义务包括:任命隐私官(CPO)、在官网/应用程序上发布隐私政策、获得明确同意、实施技术保障措施,以及在数据泄露后72小时内通知PIPC和受影响个人。

📌 官方参考资料

常见问题解答(FAQ)

Q1:外国人可以100%持有韩国公司吗?

可以。韩国在大多数行业允许100%外资持有。广播、部分国防领域和某些公用事业除外。《外国人投资促进法》保护外国投资者的所有权。

Q2:外国人注册公司需要多长时间?

在专业协助下通常需要2至4周,包括文件公证、存入资本金、法院登记和税务登记。利用"投资韩国"一站式服务可缩短至约10个工作日。

Q3:需要亲自到韩国才能设立公司吗?

不一定。持有经公证的授权委托书的当地代理人可以处理大多数步骤。但申请D-8签证时,创始人最终需要亲自前往移民局。

Q4:哪些行业对外国投资有限制?

韩国在FIPA下维持"负面清单",目前受限领域包括:大米/大麦种植、海洋渔业、报纸出版及部分广播业务。金融服务、房地产经纪和法律服务需获政府审批。

Q5:初创企业可以享受哪些税收优惠?

获"风险企业"认定的公司可享受5年50%的企业所得税减免。位于指定自由经济区的科技密集型初创企业可获3年全额免税和2年50%减税。中小企业可享受25-30%的研发支出税收抵免。

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📋 韓国法律インサイト | 会社設立 & 外国投資

韓国でのビジネス設立:外国スタートアップのためのステップバイステップ法的ガイド

韓国はアジアで最もダイナミックなスタートアップエコシステムの一つとして台頭しており、グローバル・スタートアップ・エコシステム・レポートで世界トップ10に継続的にランクインしています。サムスン、カカオ、クラフトンなどのテック大手を輩出したこの国は、豊富な人材プール、世界クラスのインフラ、そしてビザプログラムの簡素化や財政的インセンティブを通じて外国人起業家を積極的に誘致する政府環境を提供しています。

1. 事業体の選択

外国投資家は《外国人投資促進法》(FIPA)および《商法》に基づき以下の法的構造を選択できます:株式会社(주식회사)、有限会社(유한회사)、有限合資会社、支店、連絡事務所。ほとんどの外国スタートアップには株式会社(주식회사)が推奨されます。

2. 外国人投資登記

法人設立前に、FIPAに基づき関係当局へ投資登録が必要です。外資系企業(FIC)ステータスの最低投資額は1億ウォン(約750万円)です。KOTRA Invest KOREAセンター、指定外国為替銀行、またはFIOオンラインポータルから申請できます。

3. 会社設立プロセス

  1. 定款(정관)の作成・公証
  2. 資本金の払込と銀行残高証明の取得
  3. 管轄地方裁判所での法人登記
  4. 設立後20日以内に国税庁(NTS)へ事業者登録
  5. 国民健康保険・国民年金・雇用保険・産業災害補償保険への加入

全プロセスは通常2〜4週間かかります。Invest KOREAのワンストップサービスを利用すると約10営業日に短縮できます。

4. 外国人創業者のビザ選択肢

  • D-8(法人投資ビザ):1億ウォン以上を投資し、韓国人を1名以上雇用する外国投資家向け
  • D-8-4(スタートアップビザ):政府認定アクセラレータープログラムに採択されたテックスタートアップ創業者向け
  • D-9(貿易管理ビザ):国際貿易活動向け
  • F-2/F-5(居住ビザ):ポイント制基準を満たした適格投資家向けの長期居住権

5. 知的財産権の保護

韓国特許庁(KIPO)が特許(審査期間15〜18ヶ月、優先審査で約2ヶ月)、商標(9〜12ヶ月)、意匠(6〜9ヶ月)の登録を管轄しています。韓国は先願主義を採用しているため、外国スタートアップは発明を公開する前に韓国で出願すべきです。

6. 税務義務

主要税目:法人税(9%/19%/21%/24%の累進税率)、付加価値税(10%)、配当源泉徴収税(20%、租税条約による軽減あり)。ベンチャー企業認定を受けた会社は5年間の法人税50%減免などの優遇措置を受けられます。

7. 個人情報保護法(PIPA)コンプライアンス

韓国居住者の個人データを取り扱うすべての事業者は《個人情報保護法》(PIPA)を遵守する必要があります。主な義務:個人情報保護責任者(CPO)の任命、プライバシーポリシーの公表、明示的同意の取得、技術的保護措置の実施、データ侵害後72時間以内のPIPCと影響を受けた個人への通知。

📌 公式参考資料

よくある質問(FAQ)

Q1:外国人が韓国企業を100%所有できますか?

はい。韓国は大部分の産業で100%外資所有を認めています。放送、一部の防衛分野、公益事業は例外です。FIPAが外国投資家の所有権を保護しています。

Q2:外国人が会社設立するのにどれくらいかかりますか?

専門家の支援を受ければ通常2〜4週間。Invest KOREAのワンストップサービスなら約10営業日に短縮できます。

Q3:韓国に実際に渡航しなくても設立できますか?

公証された委任状を持つ現地代理人がほとんどの手続きを代行できます。ただしD-8ビザ申請時は入国管理局への本人出頭が必要です。

Q4:制限のある業種はありますか?

FIPAの「ネガティブリスト」により制限業種があります。現在制限されているのは米・大麦の栽培、海洋漁業、新聞発行、一部の放送です。

Q5:スタートアップが受けられる税制優遇は?

ベンチャー企業認定を受けた会社は5年間の法人税50%減免。指定自由経済区域の技術集約型スタートアップは3年間全額免税+2年間50%減税。中小企業はR&D支出の25〜30%の税額控除を受けられます。

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📋 Perspectiva Legal Coreana | Constitución de Empresas & Inversión Extranjera

Hacer Negocios en Corea: Guía Legal Paso a Paso para Startups Extranjeras

Corea del Sur se ha convertido en uno de los ecosistemas de startups más dinámicos de Asia, clasificándose consistentemente entre los 10 mejores a nivel mundial según el Global Startup Ecosystem Report. El país ofrece un profundo banco de talento, infraestructura de clase mundial y un gobierno que atrae activamente a emprendedores extranjeros mediante programas de visa simplificados e incentivos financieros.

1. Elección de la Entidad Legal Adecuada

Los inversores extranjeros disponen de varias estructuras legales bajo la Ley de Promoción de Inversión Extranjera (FIPA) y el Código de Comercio: Sociedad Anónima (주식회사), Sociedad de Responsabilidad Limitada (유한회사), Sociedad Comanditaria Limitada, Sucursal y Oficina de Enlace. Para la mayoría de las startups extranjeras, la 주식회사 (Sociedad Anónima) es la opción preferida.

2. Registro de Inversión Extranjera

Antes de constituir la empresa, los inversores extranjeros deben registrar su inversión bajo FIPA. La inversión mínima es de 100 millones de wones (aproximadamente 75,000 USD) para obtener el estatus de empresa de inversión extranjera (FIC). El registro puede completarse a través de los centros Invest Korea de KOTRA, bancos de divisas designados o el portal en línea FIO.

3. Proceso de Constitución de Empresa

  1. Redactar los estatutos sociales (정관) — deben ser notariados
  2. Depósito de capital y obtención del certificado de saldo bancario
  3. Registro ante el tribunal de distrito competente
  4. Registro fiscal ante el Servicio Nacional de Impuestos (NTS) en 20 días
  5. Registro en los cuatro seguros sociales obligatorios

El proceso completo toma típicamente 2 a 4 semanas con asistencia profesional.

4. Opciones de Visa para Fundadores Extranjeros

  • D-8 (Visa de Inversión Corporativa): Para inversores que inviertan 100M KRW+ y empleen al menos un ciudadano coreano
  • D-8-4 (Visa de Startup): Para fundadores aceptados en aceleradoras reconocidas por el gobierno
  • D-9 (Visa de Gestión Comercial): Para actividades de comercio internacional
  • F-2/F-5 (Visas de Residencia): Residencia a largo plazo para inversores calificados

5. Protección de Propiedad Intelectual

La Oficina Coreana de Propiedad Intelectual (KIPO) administra el registro de patentes (15-18 meses; vía rápida ~2 meses), marcas (9-12 meses) y diseños (6-9 meses). Corea sigue el sistema "primero en solicitar", por lo que las startups extranjeras deben presentar sus solicitudes antes de divulgar públicamente sus invenciones.

6. Obligaciones Fiscales

Principales impuestos: Impuesto sobre sociedades (tasas progresivas 9%/19%/21%/24%), IVA (10%), retención sobre dividendos (20%, reducida por convenios fiscales). Las empresas certificadas como "venture" reciben una reducción del 50% en el impuesto de sociedades durante 5 años.

7. Cumplimiento de la Ley de Privacidad (PIPA)

Toda empresa que maneje datos personales de residentes coreanos debe cumplir la Ley de Protección de Información Personal (PIPA). Obligaciones clave: designar un Responsable de Privacidad (CPO), publicar política de privacidad, obtener consentimiento explícito, implementar salvaguardas técnicas y notificar a la PIPC y afectados en 72 horas tras una brecha de datos.

📌 Referencias Oficiales

Preguntas Frecuentes (FAQ)

P1: ¿Puede un extranjero poseer el 100% de una empresa coreana?

Sí. Corea permite la propiedad 100% extranjera en la mayoría de las industrias. Las excepciones incluyen radiodifusión, ciertos sectores de defensa y algunas empresas de servicios públicos.

P2: ¿Cuánto tiempo tarda la constitución de una empresa para extranjeros?

Típicamente 2-4 semanas con asistencia profesional. Usando el servicio integral de Invest KOREA puede reducirse a aproximadamente 10 días hábiles.

P3: ¿Es necesario estar físicamente presente en Corea para constituir la empresa?

No necesariamente. Un representante local con poder notarial puede gestionar la mayoría de los trámites. Sin embargo, para la solicitud de visa D-8 el fundador debe comparecer personalmente en la oficina de inmigración.

P4: ¿Hay industrias restringidas para la inversión extranjera?

Sí. Corea mantiene una "lista negativa" bajo FIPA. Actualmente están restringidos: cultivo de arroz/cebada, pesca marítima, publicación de periódicos y cierta radiodifusión.

P5: ¿Qué beneficios fiscales existen para startups?

Las empresas certificadas como venture reciben una reducción del 50% en el impuesto de sociedades durante 5 años. Las startups tecnológicas en zonas económicas libres designadas pueden recibir exención total de impuestos por 3 años y reducción del 50% por 2 años más.

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