Corporate Criminal Liability and Compliance Programs in Korea for Foreign Companies (EN/中文/日本語/Español)
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By Attorney NOH UJIN | HANBYOL LAW LLC, Seoul
Corporate Criminal Liability and Compliance Programs in Korea for Foreign Companies
South Korea has developed one of Asia's most robust corporate criminal liability frameworks. Foreign multinationals operating in Korea—whether through subsidiaries, joint ventures, or branch offices—face significant exposure under statutes that impose criminal penalties not only on individual wrongdoers but on the corporation itself. Understanding this framework and building an effective compliance program is no longer optional for serious market participants.
1. The Legal Foundation: 양벌규정 (Dual Punishment Provisions)
The cornerstone of corporate criminal liability in Korea is the 양벌규정 (Yang-Beol Gyuchung)—the "dual punishment provision." This mechanism, embedded in hundreds of Korean statutes, provides that when an employee or representative of a corporation commits a violation while acting in the course of business, both the individual offender and the corporation itself can be punished.
Key statutes containing dual punishment provisions include:
- Act on the Aggravated Punishment of Specific Economic Crimes (특정경제범죄 가중처벌 등에 관한 법률, APSEC): Covers large-scale fraud, embezzlement, and breach of trust with aggravated penalties where the amount exceeds KRW 500 million.
- Act on the Prevention of Corruption and the Establishment and Management of the Anti-Corruption and Civil Rights Commission (부패방지권익위법): Anti-corruption compliance obligations.
- Improper Solicitation and Graft Act (청탁금지법, "Kim Young-ran Act"): Prohibits improper solicitation of public officials and sets gift/entertainment limits.
- Capital Markets and Financial Investment Business Act (자본시장과 금융투자업에 관한 법률, CMFIBA): Insider trading, market manipulation, and disclosure violations.
- Fair Transactions in Subcontracting Act (하도급거래 공정화에 관한 법률): Unfair subcontracting practices.
- Personal Information Protection Act (개인정보 보호법, PIPA): Data privacy violations.
- Occupational Safety and Health Act (산업안전보건법, OSHA): Workplace safety violations leading to serious injury or death.
The 2007 Constitutional Court decision (2005 Hun-Ga 10) struck down strict liability formulations of the dual punishment provision, requiring that corporations be punishable only when they failed to exercise due care in supervision—i.e., a negligence-based standard. Subsequently, the legislature amended most statutes to add a due diligence defense: a corporation escapes liability if it can prove it "was not negligent in supervising" the offending employee.
2. The Serious Accident Punishment Act (SAPA): A Game-Changer
Enacted in January 2022, the Serious Accident Punishment Act (중대재해 처벌 등에 관한 법률) represents the most significant expansion of corporate criminal liability in Korea in decades. SAPA imposes criminal liability on the chief executive officer and the legal entity when a serious accident (사망, 6-month+ injury, or occupational disease affecting 3+) occurs due to failure to fulfill safety and health obligations.
For corporations with 50+ employees, penalties include:
- CEO/management: Imprisonment up to 1 year (minimum) or fine up to KRW 100 million if a fatality occurs. Repeat violations carry doubled penalties.
- Legal entity: Fine up to KRW 500 million for a fatality. The fine is multiplied if the entity has prior violations.
Foreign-invested companies with Korean operations must designate a Safety and Health Management Responsibility Officer (안전보건관리책임자) and implement documented safety management systems. The Ministry of Employment and Labor (MOEL) has aggressively enforced SAPA since 2022, with over 400 criminal cases initiated in the first two years.
3. Anti-Corruption Criminal Exposure
Foreign companies must navigate overlapping anti-bribery regimes:
3.1 Korean Anti-Corruption Framework
- Criminal Act Articles 129–132: Bribery of Korean public officials. Penalties: imprisonment up to 5 years or fine up to 10× the bribe amount.
- Kim Young-ran Act: Prohibits provision of meals exceeding KRW 30,000, gifts exceeding KRW 50,000, or entertainment exceeding KRW 100,000 per occasion to public officials, journalists, and educators. Applies to the provider regardless of nationality.
- KCPA (부정청탁금지법): Covers "improper solicitation" of public officials. Foreign companies lobbying government agencies through intermediaries must exercise caution.
3.2 Extraterritorial Exposure: FCPA and UK Bribery Act
US and UK companies operating in Korea also face extraterritorial application of the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (FCPA) and UK Bribery Act. Notably, Korea's judiciary and prosecutors' offices have cooperated with DOJ investigations involving Korean subsidiaries of US-listed companies.
4. Corporate Liability Under Capital Markets Law
The CMFIBA creates significant corporate criminal exposure for foreign companies listed on Korean exchanges or conducting fundraising activities in Korea:
- Insider trading: Imprisonment up to 1 year (minimum mandatory) or fine up to 3× illegal profits. The company may be fined if a representative or employee trades on inside information.
- Market manipulation: Imprisonment up to 10 years or fine up to KRW 5 billion.
- False disclosure: Fine up to KRW 2 billion; individual directors face imprisonment.
5. Building an Effective Compliance Program
Korean courts and prosecutors increasingly consider the robustness of a company's compliance program when determining charges and sentencing. The Supreme Court Guidelines on Corporate Compliance (대법원 양형기준) and the Ministry of Justice Corporate Compliance Program Standard (법무부 준법지원인 제도) provide frameworks for effective programs.
5.1 Mandatory Compliance Officer for Listed Companies
Listed companies with assets exceeding KRW 500 billion must appoint a Compliance Officer (준법지원인) under the Commercial Act. The officer must be a licensed attorney or person with 10+ years of legal experience. Failure to appoint carries administrative sanctions.
5.2 Key Program Elements
- Risk Assessment: Map Korean statutory obligations to business activities. Prioritize SAPA, anti-corruption, data privacy, and labor law compliance.
- Written Policies and Procedures: Policies must be in Korean and accessible to all employees. Generic global compliance manuals may be insufficient—localization is essential.
- Training: Annual compliance training in Korean. Special training for personnel interacting with government officials.
- Internal Reporting Mechanisms: A whistleblower hotline compliant with the Public Interest Whistleblower Protection Act (공익신고자보호법) and internal investigation procedures.
- Third-Party Due Diligence: Background checks on distributors, agents, and joint venture partners. Korea's KFTC actively investigates unfair subcontracting practices involving foreign brand principals.
- Monitoring and Auditing: Regular compliance audits, particularly covering safety, environmental, and financial reporting obligations.
- Disciplinary Procedures: Documented and consistently applied disciplinary actions for compliance violations.
6. Criminal Investigation and Prosecution Process
Understanding the Korean criminal process is critical for foreign companies facing investigations:
- Investigation agencies: The Prosecution Service (검찰청), Police (경찰청), Financial Intelligence Unit (KoFIU), Fair Trade Commission (공정거래위원회), and the Corruption Investigation Office for High-ranking Officials (공수처) each have specialized investigative jurisdiction.
- Corporate raid (압수수색): Korean prosecutors may conduct unannounced searches of corporate offices. Foreign companies should have a raid response protocol, including immediate notification of Korean legal counsel.
- Employee interrogation: Employees may be summoned for questioning. Companies must have policies on legal representation during questioning.
- Deferred Prosecution and Settlement: Korea does not have a formal deferred prosecution agreement (DPA) regime like the US, but prosecutors exercise significant discretion. Robust cooperation and remediation efforts can result in non-prosecution or reduced charges.
- Corporate fine calculation: Korean courts consider the nature of the offense, recidivism, size of the corporation, and whether the corporation self-reported and cooperated.
7. Practical Compliance Calendar for Foreign Companies
| Frequency | Compliance Activity | Primary Statute |
|---|---|---|
| Annual | Safety Management Plan Review & Update | SAPA / OSHA |
| Annual | Anti-Corruption Training for Korea Operations | KCPA / Kim Young-ran Act |
| Annual | PIPA Personal Information Impact Assessment | PIPA |
| Quarterly | Safety Inspection and Hazard Assessment | SAPA |
| On Appointment | Compliance Officer Designation (listed cos.) | Commercial Act §542-13 |
| On Incident | Serious Accident 24-hr MOEL Notification | SAPA / OSHA |
| On Incident | PIPA 72-hr PIPC Data Breach Notification | PIPA §34-2 |
| Pre-M&A | Target Company Criminal Risk Assessment | All applicable statutes |
8. Recent Enforcement Trends (2024–2026)
Korean enforcement agencies have significantly ramped up corporate criminal prosecutions:
- SAPA prosecutions: Over 600 criminal cases initiated against CEOs and companies as of 2025. Several multinational subsidiaries have been investigated, including in the semiconductor and construction sectors.
- PIPA enforcement: PIPC issued fines totaling KRW 100+ billion in 2024–2025, with several cases involving foreign platform companies.
- KFTC criminal referrals: Increased criminal referrals for price-fixing cartels, with several involving Korean subsidiaries of foreign multinationals.
- ESG and supply chain: While Korea does not yet have a mandatory supply chain due diligence law, the FSC's corporate governance guidelines increasingly require boards to address human rights and environmental risks in supply chains.
📌 Official References
- Korean Law Information Center (법령정보센터)
- Ministry of Justice Korea (법무부)
- Anti-Corruption and Civil Rights Commission (국민권익위원회)
- Ministry of Employment and Labor – Serious Accident Enforcement
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)
Q1: Can a foreign parent company be held criminally liable for acts of its Korean subsidiary?
Generally, no—Korean criminal law applies to legal entities registered in Korea, and corporate liability under the dual punishment provision (양벌규정) attaches to the Korean subsidiary as the direct employer/operator. However, if a foreign parent directly participated in or directed the illegal conduct, individual foreign executives could face personal criminal liability. Additionally, civil liability may be attributed to the parent in some circumstances.
Q2: Does the Serious Accident Punishment Act (SAPA) apply to foreign companies with fewer than 50 employees in Korea?
As of January 2024, SAPA applies to all workplaces with 5+ employees (the phase-in for 5–49 employee workplaces was completed). However, SAPA obligations are proportional: the level of required documentation and dedicated safety personnel scales with workforce size. Foreign companies with even small Korean operations must have basic safety management procedures in writing.
Q3: What is the standard of proof for corporate negligence under the dual punishment provision?
Following the Constitutional Court's 2007 ruling, courts apply a negligence (과실) standard: the prosecution must prove that the corporation failed to exercise reasonable supervision over the offending employee. The corporation can rebut this by demonstrating it had adequate compliance systems, training, and supervision mechanisms. Simply having policies on paper is insufficient—enforcement and monitoring must be documented.
Q4: How does the Kim Young-ran Act apply to foreign company employees entertaining Korean clients?
The Kim Young-ran Act (청탁금지법) applies to the provider (the person giving the gift/entertainment) only when the recipient is a "covered person" (public official, journalist, or educator). Providing entertainment to purely private-sector Korean clients is not regulated by the Kim Young-ran Act, though it may still implicate the Criminal Act's bribery provisions if the client later exercises public functions. Foreign company employees should exercise caution when entertaining any Korean official, regardless of the official's nationality.
Q5: Is there a formal leniency or deferred prosecution program for companies that self-report violations?
Korea does not have a formal statutory deferred prosecution agreement (DPA) regime. However, self-reporting, full cooperation with investigators, remediation measures, and a robust compliance program are all factors that prosecutors and courts weigh in charging decisions and sentencing. The KFTC has a formal leniency program for antitrust violations that can result in immunity from criminal referral. The FSC similarly has a cooperation credit system for securities violations.
Q6: What happens if a foreign company's Korean subsidiary is investigated for data privacy violations under PIPA?
The Personal Information Protection Commission (PIPC) conducts investigations and may impose administrative fines up to 3% of relevant revenue. If the violation involves willful conduct or failure to notify of a data breach, criminal referral to the prosecution service is possible. The dual punishment provision in PIPA allows both the offending employee and the company to be prosecuted. Recent enforcement has targeted large platform companies and companies that outsourced data processing without adequate contractual controls.
Q7: Should a foreign company's compliance program be in Korean or English?
Korean language versions are strongly recommended and may be legally required for certain disclosures. For SAPA compliance, safety management plans must be documented in a form accessible to Korean-speaking employees. The Compliance Officer (준법지원인) must report to the board in Korean. Practically, dual-language (Korean/English) compliance documentation is best practice for multinational operations.
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HANBYOL LAW LLC provides expert Korean legal counsel for international clients, including corporate criminal defense, compliance program design, and regulatory investigations.
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作者:NOH UJIN 律师 | HANBYOL LAW LLC,首尔
外国公司在韩国的企业刑事责任与合规计划
韩国已发展成为亚洲最健全的企业刑事责任法律体系之一。在韩国通过子公司、合资企业或分支机构经营的外国跨国公司,面临着不仅针对个人违规者、更针对企业本身施加刑事处罚的法规下的重大法律风险。了解这一框架并建立有效的合规计划,对于在韩认真经营的市场参与者而言已不可或缺。
一、法律基础:两罚规定(양벌규정)
韩国企业刑事责任的基石是两罚规定(양벌규정)——"双重处罚条款"。该机制嵌入在数百部韩国法律中,规定当企业的员工或代表在业务过程中实施违法行为时,违法个人和企业本身均可受到处罚。
包含两罚规定的重要法律包括:
- 特定经济犯罪加重处罚法(APSEC):涵盖金额超过5亿韩元的大规模诈骗、侵占和背信行为,予以加重处罚。
- 《重大事故处罚法》(SAPA):2022年起实施,针对工作场所重大安全事故,对CEO及法人实体施加刑事责任。
- 不当请托禁止法(청탁금지법,"金英兰法"):禁止向公职人员、记者和教育工作者提供超额礼品和娱乐接待。
- 资本市场与金融投资业法(CMFIBA):内幕交易、市场操纵和虚假披露违规。
- 个人信息保护法(PIPA):数据隐私违规。
2007年宪法法院判决要求企业处罚须以疏于监督为前提(过失标准)。企业若能证明其"在监督方面并无过失",可免于处罚。
二、重大事故处罚法(SAPA):重大变革
2022年1月施行的《重大事故处罚法》是韩国数十年来企业刑事责任最重大的扩展。SAPA要求,当因未履行安全健康义务而发生重大事故(死亡、6个月以上伤害或影响3人以上的职业病)时,首席执行官和法律实体均须承担刑事责任。
50名以上员工的企业须承担的处罚:
- CEO/管理层:发生死亡事故时,最低1年有期徒刑或最高1亿韩元罚款。重复违规处罚加倍。
- 法律实体:发生死亡事故时,最高5亿韩元罚款。
在韩经营的外资企业必须指定安全健康管理责任人并建立有文件记录的安全管理体系。雇用与劳动部(MOEL)自2022年起积极执法,前两年启动超过400起刑事案件。
三、反腐败刑事风险
外国公司须应对多重反腐败法规:
- 刑法第129-132条:贿赂韩国公职人员,最高5年有期徒刑或贿赂金额10倍罚款。
- 金英兰法:禁止向公职人员提供超过3万韩元餐食、5万韩元礼品或10万韩元娱乐接待。
- 不当请托禁止法:通过中间人向政府机关游说的外国公司须格外谨慎。
四、建立有效合规计划
韩国法院和检察官越来越重视企业合规计划的健全性。主要要素包括:
- 风险评估:梳理韩国法定义务与业务活动的对应关系,重点关注SAPA、反腐败、数据隐私和劳动法。
- 书面政策和程序:政策须以韩语书写并对所有员工开放,全球通用合规手册的本地化至关重要。
- 培训:每年开展韩语合规培训,特别是针对与政府官员接触的人员。
- 内部举报机制:符合《公益举报人保护法》的举报热线及内部调查程序。
- 第三方尽职调查:对经销商、代理商和合资伙伴进行背景调查。
- 监控和审计:定期合规审计,重点覆盖安全、环境和财务报告义务。
- 纪律程序:有文件记录且执行一致的合规违规处分措施。
五、上市公司合规官(준법지원인)
资产超过5000亿韩元的上市公司须依据《商法》指定合规官(준법지원인)。该人员须为持牌律师或拥有10年以上法律经验的人士。未指定将受行政处罚。
六、近期执法趋势(2024-2026年)
- SAPA起诉:截至2025年,已对CEO和企业启动超过600起刑事案件,涉及多家跨国子公司。
- PIPA执法:PIPC 2024-2025年共开出逾1000亿韩元罚款,多起涉及外国平台企业。
- KFTC刑事移送:价格垄断相关刑事移送增加,多起涉及外国跨国公司的韩国子公司。
📌 官方参考资料
常见问题解答(FAQ)
Q1:外国母公司是否会因韩国子公司的行为承担刑事责任?
一般而言不会——韩国刑法适用于在韩注册的法律实体,两罚规定下的企业责任归属于作为直接雇主/经营者的韩国子公司。但若外国母公司直接参与或指示违法行为,外国高管个人可能面临刑事责任。
Q2:SAPA是否适用于在韩员工不足50人的外资企业?
自2024年1月起,SAPA适用于所有拥有5名以上员工的工作场所。即便是小型韩国业务的外资企业,也必须以书面形式制定基本安全管理程序。
Q3:金英兰法如何适用于招待韩国客户的外国公司员工?
金英兰法仅在受款方为"受涵盖人员"(公职人员、记者或教育工作者)时,才规范提供方(赠送礼品/娱乐的人员)。招待纯私营韩国客户不受金英兰法约束,但若客户此后行使公共职能,则可能适用刑法贿赂条款。
Q4:韩国是否有正式的暂缓起诉协议(DPA)制度?
韩国目前没有正式的法定DPA制度。但主动申报、全面配合调查、采取补救措施和建立健全合规计划,均是检察官在起诉决定和量刑时的重要考量因素。KFTC在反垄断领域设有正式宽大处理程序。
Q5:合规计划须以韩语还是英语书写?
强烈建议制作韩语版本。SAPA要求安全管理计划须以韩语员工可理解的形式记录。双语(韩语/英语)合规文件是跨国运营的最佳实践。
📚 相关文章
HANBYOL LAW LLC 为国际客户提供专业的韩国法律服务,包括企业刑事辩护、合规计划设计和监管调查应对。
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著者:NOH UJIN 弁護士 | HANBYOL LAW LLC、ソウル
外国企業のための韓国における法人刑事責任とコンプライアンス・プログラム
韓国は、アジアで最も強固な法人刑事責任の法的枠組みを発展させてきました。子会社、合弁会社、または支店を通じて韓国で事業を営む外国多国籍企業は、個人の違反者だけでなく企業そのものに刑事罰を課す法令の下で、重大な法的リスクにさらされています。この枠組みを理解し、効果的なコンプライアンス・プログラムを構築することは、もはやすべての市場参加者にとって必須です。
一、法律の基盤:両罰規定(양벌규정)
韓国の法人刑事責任の礎石は両罰規定(양벌규정)—「二重処罰条項」です。この仕組みは数百の韓国法令に組み込まれており、企業の従業員や代表者が業務の過程で違反行為を行った場合、違反した個人と企業自身の両方が処罰される可能性があります。
両罰規定を含む主要法令:
- 特定経済犯罪加重処罰法(APSEC):5億ウォンを超える大規模詐欺、横領、背信行為。
- 重大災害処罰法(SAPA):2022年施行。職場の重大事故に対してCEOと法人の刑事責任を追及。
- 不当請託禁止法(청탁금지법、金英蘭法):公務員への不当な便宜供与を禁止。
- 資本市場・金融投資業法(CMFIBA):インサイダー取引、市場操作、虚偽開示。
- 個人情報保護法(PIPA):データプライバシー違反。
2007年の憲法裁判所判決により、企業処罰には監督における過失(過失標準)が必要とされます。企業は「監督に過失がなかった」ことを証明すれば責任を免れることができます。
二、重大災害処罰法(SAPA):ゲームチェンジャー
2022年1月に施行されたSAPAは、数十年で最も重要な法人刑事責任の拡大です。重大事故(死亡、6ヶ月以上の負傷、または3名以上の職業病)が安全健康義務の不履行により発生した場合、最高経営責任者と法人の刑事責任が問われます。
50名以上の従業員を抱える企業への罰則:
- CEO/経営陣:死亡事故発生時、最低1年の懲役または最高1億ウォンの罰金。繰り返し違反は2倍の罰則。
- 法人:死亡事故発生時、最高5億ウォンの罰金。
韓国での事業を持つ外資系企業は安全保健管理責任者を指定し、文書化された安全管理システムを実施する必要があります。雇用労働省(MOEL)は2022年以降、積極的にSAPAを執行しており、最初の2年間で400件以上の刑事案件が開始されています。
三、コンプライアンス・プログラムの構築
韓国の裁判所と検察官は、起訴と量刑の判断においてコンプライアンス・プログラムの堅牢性をますます考慮するようになっています。主要な要素:
- リスク評価:韓国の法定義務を事業活動にマッピング。
- 書面によるポリシーと手続き:韓国語で作成し、全従業員がアクセスできる状態に。
- トレーニング:韓国語での年次コンプライアンス研修。
- 内部通報制度:公益通報者保護法(공익신고자보호법)に準拠したホットライン。
- 第三者デューデリジェンス:販売代理店、エージェント、合弁パートナーの身元調査。
- モニタリングと監査:定期的なコンプライアンス監査。
- 懲戒手続き:文書化された一貫した懲戒措置。
四、上場企業のコンプライアンス・オフィサー(준법지원인)
資産5000億ウォン超の上場企業は、商法に基づきコンプライアンス・オフィサー(준법지원인)を指定する義務があります。資格要件として、弁護士資格または10年以上の法務経験が必要です。
五、最近の執行動向(2024〜2026年)
- SAPA起訴:2025年時点で600件以上の刑事案件が開始。多国籍企業の子会社も含む。
- PIPA執行:PIPCは2024〜2025年に総額1000億ウォン以上の罰金を科し、外国プラットフォーム企業も対象に。
- KFTC刑事告発:価格カルテルに関する刑事告発が増加。外国多国籍企業の韓国子会社も複数含む。
📌 公式参考資料
よくある質問(FAQ)
Q1:外国親会社は韓国子会社の行為について刑事責任を負いますか?
一般的には負いません。両罰規定に基づく法人責任は、直接の使用者・事業者としての韓国子会社に帰属します。ただし、外国親会社が違法行為に直接関与・指示した場合、外国役員個人が刑事責任を問われる可能性があります。
Q2:SAPAは韓国での従業員が50名未満の外資系企業にも適用されますか?
2024年1月以降、SAPAは5名以上の従業員がいるすべての職場に適用されます。小規模な韓国事業であっても、書面による基本的な安全管理手続きが必要です。
Q3:金英蘭法は韓国のクライアントを接待する外国企業の従業員にどのように適用されますか?
金英蘭法は、受取人が「対象者」(公務員、記者、教育者)である場合にのみ提供者を規制します。純粋な民間企業のクライアントへの接待は金英蘭法の対象外ですが、そのクライアントが後に公的機能を果たす場合は刑法の賄賂規定が適用される可能性があります。
Q4:韓国に正式な起訴猶予合意(DPA)制度はありますか?
韓国には正式なDPA制度はありません。ただし、自主申告、完全な協力、是正措置、堅牢なコンプライアンス・プログラムはすべて、起訴判断と量刑において検察官と裁判所が考慮する要素です。KFTCは独占禁止違反に対する正式な寛大措置プログラムを持っています。
Q5:コンプライアンス・プログラムは韓国語で作成する必要がありますか?
強く推奨されます。SAPAの遵守には、韓国語を話す従業員が理解できる形での安全管理計画の文書化が必要です。多国籍事業では韓国語・英語のバイリンガル文書化がベストプラクティスです。
📚 関連記事
HANBYOL LAW LLCは、企業刑事弁護、コンプライアンス・プログラムの設計、規制当局の調査対応など、国際クライアントに専門的な韓国法律サービスを提供しています。
📧 ujin95@hanbl.co.kr | 🌐 www.hanbl.co.kr
Por el Abogado NOH UJIN | HANBYOL LAW LLC, Seúl
Responsabilidad Penal Corporativa y Programas de Cumplimiento en Corea para Empresas Extranjeras
Corea del Sur ha desarrollado uno de los marcos de responsabilidad penal corporativa más sólidos de Asia. Las multinacionales extranjeras que operan en Corea —ya sea a través de filiales, empresas conjuntas u oficinas de representación— enfrentan una exposición significativa bajo leyes que imponen sanciones penales no solo a los infractores individuales, sino también a la propia corporación. Comprender este marco y desarrollar un programa de cumplimiento efectivo ya no es opcional para los participantes serios del mercado.
1. La Base Legal: Disposición de Doble Castigo (양벌규정)
La piedra angular de la responsabilidad penal corporativa en Corea es la 양벌규정 (Yang-Beol Gyuchung)—la "disposición de doble castigo". Este mecanismo, incorporado en cientos de leyes coreanas, establece que cuando un empleado o representante de una corporación comete una infracción en el curso de los negocios, tanto el infractor individual como la corporación misma pueden ser sancionados.
Leyes importantes que contienen disposiciones de doble castigo:
- Ley de Agravación de Castigos por Delitos Económicos Específicos (APSEC): Fraude, malversación y abuso de confianza a gran escala que supere 500 millones de KRW.
- Ley de Castigo por Accidentes Graves (SAPA): En vigor desde 2022, impone responsabilidad penal al CEO y a la entidad jurídica por accidentes graves en el lugar de trabajo.
- Ley de Prohibición de Solicitudes Impropias ("Ley Kim Young-ran"): Prohíbe favores indebidos a funcionarios públicos, periodistas y educadores.
- Ley de Mercados de Capital e Inversión Financiera (CMFIBA): Uso de información privilegiada, manipulación del mercado y divulgaciones falsas.
- Ley de Protección de Información Personal (PIPA): Infracciones de privacidad de datos.
2. La Ley de Castigo por Accidentes Graves (SAPA): Un Cambio Radical
Promulgada en enero de 2022, la SAPA representa la expansión más significativa de la responsabilidad penal corporativa en Corea en décadas. Impone responsabilidad penal al director ejecutivo y a la entidad jurídica cuando ocurre un accidente grave (muerte, lesión de 6+ meses, o enfermedad ocupacional que afecte a 3+) por incumplimiento de obligaciones de seguridad y salud.
Sanciones para empresas con 50+ empleados:
- CEO/gerencia: Prisión mínima de 1 año o multa de hasta 100 millones de KRW si ocurre una fatalidad. Violaciones reiteradas conllevan sanciones dobladas.
- Entidad jurídica: Multa de hasta 500 millones de KRW por una fatalidad.
3. Construcción de un Programa de Cumplimiento Efectivo
Los tribunales y fiscales coreanos consideran cada vez más la solidez del programa de cumplimiento de una empresa al determinar cargos y condenas. Elementos clave:
- Evaluación de riesgos: Mapear obligaciones legales coreanas con actividades empresariales, priorizando SAPA, anticorrupción, privacidad de datos y derecho laboral.
- Políticas y procedimientos escritos: Las políticas deben estar en coreano y accesibles para todos los empleados.
- Capacitación: Capacitación anual en cumplimiento en idioma coreano.
- Mecanismos de denuncia interna: Línea directa de denuncias conforme a la Ley de Protección al Denunciante de Interés Público.
- Diligencia debida de terceros: Verificación de antecedentes de distribuidores, agentes y socios de empresas conjuntas.
- Monitoreo y auditoría: Auditorías periódicas de cumplimiento que cubran obligaciones de seguridad, medioambientales y de informes financieros.
- Procedimientos disciplinarios: Medidas disciplinarias documentadas y aplicadas de manera consistente.
4. Tendencias Recientes de Enforcement (2024–2026)
- Enjuiciamientos SAPA: Más de 600 casos penales iniciados contra CEOs y empresas a 2025, incluyendo subsidiarias de multinacionales.
- Enforcement PIPA: La PIPC impuso multas por más de 100 mil millones de KRW en 2024–2025, varias contra empresas plataforma extranjeras.
- Remisiones penales KFTC: Mayor número de remisiones penales por cárteles de precios, incluyendo subsidiarias coreanas de multinacionales extranjeras.
📌 Referencias Oficiales
- Centro de Información Jurídica de Corea
- Ministerio de Justicia de Corea
- Comisión Anticorrupción y Derechos Civiles
- Ministerio de Empleo y Trabajo
Preguntas Frecuentes (FAQ)
P1: ¿Puede una matriz extranjera ser penalmente responsable por actos de su filial coreana?
En general, no. La responsabilidad penal bajo la disposición de doble castigo se atribuye a la filial coreana como empleador/operador directo. Sin embargo, si la matriz extranjera participó directamente o dirigió la conducta ilícita, los ejecutivos extranjeros individuales podrían enfrentar responsabilidad penal personal.
P2: ¿La SAPA aplica a empresas extranjeras con menos de 50 empleados en Corea?
Desde enero de 2024, la SAPA aplica a todos los lugares de trabajo con 5+ empleados. Incluso empresas extranjeras con pequeñas operaciones coreanas deben tener procedimientos básicos de gestión de seguridad por escrito.
P3: ¿Existe un programa formal de acuerdos de enjuiciamiento diferido (DPA) en Corea?
Corea no tiene un régimen formal de DPA. Sin embargo, la autodenuncia, la cooperación plena, las medidas de remediación y un sólido programa de cumplimiento son factores que los fiscales y tribunales ponderan. La KFTC tiene un programa formal de clemencia para violaciones antimonopolio.
P4: ¿Qué ocurre si la filial coreana de una empresa extranjera es investigada por violaciones de PIPA?
La PIPC puede imponer multas administrativas de hasta el 3% de los ingresos relevantes. Las conductas intencionales o el incumplimiento en la notificación de violaciones de datos pueden resultar en remisión penal a la fiscalía. La disposición de doble castigo en PIPA permite que tanto el empleado infractor como la empresa sean enjuiciados.
P5: ¿El programa de cumplimiento debe redactarse en coreano o en inglés?
Se recomiendan encarecidamente versiones en coreano. Para el cumplimiento de SAPA, los planes de gestión de seguridad deben documentarse de forma comprensible para los empleados de habla coreana. La documentación bilingüe (coreano/inglés) es la mejor práctica para operaciones multinacionales.
📚 Artículos Relacionados
- Ley Coreana de Empleo de Personas con Discapacidad: Cuotas Obligatorias para Empresas Extranjeras
- Insolvencia Transfronteriza y Reconocimiento de Procedimientos de Quiebra Extranjeros en Corea
- Haciendo Negocios en Corea: Guía Legal Paso a Paso para Startups Extranjeras
HANBYOL LAW LLC ofrece asesoramiento jurídico coreano experto para clientes internacionales, incluida la defensa penal corporativa, el diseño de programas de cumplimiento y la asistencia en investigaciones regulatorias.
📧 ujin95@hanbl.co.kr | 🌐 www.hanbl.co.kr
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