📋 Korean Law Insight | Administrative Law
By Attorney NOH UJIN | HANBYOL LAW LLC, Seoul
Administrative Litigation Against Korean Regulators: A Complete 2026 Guide for Foreign Companies
Foreign companies operating in South Korea increasingly face complex interactions with powerful regulatory agencies — from the Korea Fair Trade Commission (KFTC) and the Financial Services Commission (FSC), to the Ministry of Food and Drug Safety (MFDS) and the Ministry of Environment (ME). When a government agency issues an unfavorable decision — a license denial, a penalty surcharge, a corrective order, or a business suspension — the affected company is not without recourse. Korean administrative law provides robust mechanisms to challenge such decisions through administrative appeals and, if necessary, full administrative litigation before the courts.
This guide explains the Korean administrative dispute resolution framework, the key statutes governing it, the procedural steps a foreign company must follow, and the practical strategies that experienced Korean counsel employ to achieve favorable outcomes.
1. The Regulatory Landscape in Korea
Korea's regulatory environment is dense and multi-layered. For foreign businesses, the most commonly encountered regulators include:
- Korea Fair Trade Commission (KFTC) — competition, merger control, unfair trade practices, franchise regulation
- Financial Services Commission (FSC) / Financial Supervisory Service (FSS) — banking, capital markets, insurance, fintech licensing
- Ministry of Food and Drug Safety (MFDS) — pharmaceuticals, medical devices, food imports, cosmetics
- Ministry of Environment (ME) / Korea Environment Corporation (KECO) — emissions trading, K-REACH chemical registration, environmental permits
- National Tax Service (NTS) — corporate tax assessments, transfer pricing adjustments
- Korea Communications Commission (KCC) — telecommunications, broadcasting, data protection oversight
- Personal Information Protection Commission (PIPC) — personal data processing, breach investigations
Each agency operates under its own enabling statute and has broad discretionary authority. Their decisions — whether an administrative disposition (처분) or a notice of regulatory action — can profoundly impact a company's ability to operate in Korea.
2. Legal Framework: Governing Statutes
The primary statutes governing administrative disputes in Korea are:
- Administrative Litigation Act (행정소송법) — establishes four types of administrative actions: revocation suits, nullity confirmation suits, obligation suits, and injunctive suits.
- Administrative Appeals Act (행정심판법) — provides the pre-litigation administrative appeal mechanism before the Central Administrative Appeals Commission (중앙행정심판위원회).
- Framework Act on Administrative Procedures (행정절차법) — ensures due process requirements: advance notice, opportunity to submit opinions, written reasoning for dispositions.
- Act on Requests for Information Disclosure (정보공개법) — allows parties to obtain agency records relevant to their case.
Korea's administrative courts form a separate judicial track: Administrative Court (행정법원) at first instance, High Court (고등법원) on appeal, and the Supreme Court (대법원) for final cassation.
3. Step-by-Step: Challenging a Regulatory Disposition
Step 1 — Receive Written Notice and Analyze the Grounds
Under the Framework Act on Administrative Procedures (Article 23), agencies must issue written decisions with stated grounds. Immediately upon receipt, retain Korean legal counsel to analyze whether the agency: (a) exceeded its statutory authority; (b) violated procedural due process; (c) made factual errors; or (d) applied an unduly harsh sanction disproportionate to the infraction.
Step 2 — Administrative Appeal (행정심판) — Optional but Strategic
Before filing in court, a company may petition the Central Administrative Appeals Commission or a specialized appeals body (e.g., KFTC's own adjudication division, the Tax Tribunal for NTS disputes). Time limits are strict: 90 days from the date of disposition or the date of knowledge (Administrative Appeals Act, Article 27). Administrative appeals are faster (typically 3–6 months) and less costly than litigation, and a favorable outcome can avoid court proceedings entirely.
Step 3 — Application for Suspension of Effect (집행정지)
If the regulatory order takes immediate effect (e.g., a license suspension), applying for a court-ordered stay is critical. Under Administrative Litigation Act Article 23, the court may suspend the effect of a disposition if: (a) there is a strong prima facie case; and (b) the harm from immediate execution would be irreparable and greater than the public interest in proceeding. This tool is especially important for pharmaceutical companies facing product bans or financial institutions facing license suspensions.
Step 4 — Revocation Suit (취소소송) at the Administrative Court
The primary mechanism for challenging an administrative disposition is the revocation suit, filed at the competent Administrative Court (Seoul Administrative Court for most central government agencies). Filing deadline: 90 days from the date of disposition (or knowledge thereof), with an outer limit of 1 year from disposition date. The court reviews the legality — not the policy merits — of the agency's decision.
Step 5 — Discovery and Evidence
Korean administrative litigation allows for document production orders and witness examination. Use the Act on Requests for Information Disclosure to obtain agency investigation records, internal deliberation documents, and comparable precedents before filing. This intelligence often reveals procedural defects that strengthen the case.
Step 6 — Appeal to High Court and Supreme Court
First-instance decisions may be appealed to the competent High Court within 14 days of service of the judgment. Supreme Court cassation is limited to questions of law, not facts. Full appellate proceedings typically conclude within 2–3 years.
4. Key Substantive Grounds for Challenge
4.1 Lack of Statutory Authority (권한 초과)
Every administrative disposition must be grounded in an express statutory provision. If an agency acts beyond its enabling statute — for example, imposing a penalty not authorized by law — the disposition is ultra vires and subject to annulment.
4.2 Procedural Due Process Violations
The Framework Act on Administrative Procedures mandates: (i) advance notice of adverse action; (ii) opportunity to submit written opinions (의견청취); and (iii) written reasons. Agencies that skip these steps — particularly common in urgent enforcement actions — create strong grounds for procedural annulment.
4.3 Factual Errors
Korean courts apply a substantial evidence standard: the agency's factual findings must be supported by credible, sufficient evidence. Expert reports, technical studies, and industry data are routinely submitted to demonstrate that the agency's factual basis was incorrect.
4.4 Disproportionate Sanctions (비례원칙 위반)
Korea's constitutional principle of proportionality (비례원칙) — and its administrative law counterpart — requires that the severity of a sanction be proportionate to the seriousness of the violation. Courts have annulled corrective orders and surcharges where the sanction was grossly disproportionate to the actual harm.
4.5 Equal Treatment / Non-Discrimination
If an agency treated the foreign company more harshly than comparable domestic competitors in similar circumstances, this can constitute an equal protection violation or arbitrary discrimination under the Administrative Litigation Act.
5. Special Considerations for Foreign Companies
Standing: Foreign companies with Korean operations have full standing to pursue administrative litigation in Korean courts. The Supreme Court has confirmed that foreign legal entities are entitled to the same administrative due process rights as domestic companies.
Language: All court proceedings are conducted in Korean. Foreign companies must retain Korean counsel and may need certified translations of foreign evidence. Contemporaneous records in English or other languages are admissible with certified translation.
Treaty Protections: Korea's bilateral investment treaties (BITs) and the Korea-US FTA (KORUS FTA) contain provisions against arbitrary or discriminatory treatment of foreign investors. In egregious cases, international arbitration under ICSID or UNCITRAL rules may complement — or follow — domestic administrative litigation.
Settlement: Korean administrative litigation can be settled through a court-brokered compromise (화해). Regulators, while reluctant to reverse course publicly, will sometimes agree to modify penalties or conditions through negotiated resolution.
6. Practical Timeline and Costs
| Stage | Typical Duration | Notes |
|---|
| Administrative Appeal | 3–6 months | Optional; suspends litigation deadlines |
| Stay Application (집행정지) | 2–4 weeks | Emergency relief; filed immediately |
| Administrative Court (1st Instance) | 8–18 months | Seoul Administrative Court for most cases |
| High Court Appeal | 6–12 months | De novo review of facts and law |
| Supreme Court Cassation | 6–18 months | Law questions only |
📌 Official References
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)
Q1: Does a foreign company need to exhaust administrative appeals before filing a revocation suit?
No. Under the Administrative Litigation Act, administrative appeals are generally optional — not mandatory — before filing a court action. However, for tax disputes (NTS), certain FSC/FSS decisions, and patent matters (IPTAB), specific statutes may require exhaustion of administrative remedies first. Always confirm the applicable statute with Korean counsel before choosing your path.
Q2: What is the deadline for challenging a regulatory decision?
The standard deadline is 90 days from the date of disposition or the date of actual knowledge of the disposition, whichever is later. An absolute outer limit of 1 year from the date of disposition applies even if the company was unaware. Missing these deadlines is fatal — Korean courts strictly enforce them. If you receive a regulatory decision, engage Korean counsel immediately.
Q3: Can we challenge a KFTC penalty surcharge in court?
Yes. KFTC penalty surcharges (과징금) are subject to a mandatory internal adjudication proceeding within the KFTC before judicial challenge. After the KFTC's full-bench decision, the company may file a revocation suit at the Seoul High Court (which has exclusive jurisdiction over KFTC decisions) within 30 days of the decision. The KFTC's internal process typically takes 3–6 months.
Q4: Is there a way to prevent an agency order from taking immediate effect while litigation is pending?
Yes — the suspension-of-effect application (집행정지 신청) under Administrative Litigation Act Article 23. Courts grant this where: (a) the applicant has a prima facie case on the merits; (b) irreparable harm would result from immediate enforcement; and (c) suspension is not contrary to the public interest. In pharmaceutical and financial services cases, courts have frequently granted stays. Time is critical — apply within days of receiving the order.
Q5: How does Korean administrative litigation compare with administrative law challenges in the US or EU?
| Feature | Korea | United States | EU / Member States |
|---|
| Dedicated Admin Courts | Yes (행정법원) | No (federal district courts) | Yes (varies by country) |
| Filing Deadline | 90 days / 1 year | 60 days (APA) or varies | 2–3 months (varies) |
| Pre-litigation Administrative Appeal | Optional (some exceptions) | Often required (exhaustion) | Often required |
| Stay of Enforcement | Court application (집행정지) | TRO / Preliminary injunction | Application for suspension |
| Proportionality Review | Yes (비례원칙) | Limited (arbitrary & capricious) | Yes (EU law principle) |
Q6: Can the Korean government be ordered to pay damages for an unlawful regulatory action?
Yes. Under the State Compensation Act (국가배상법), a company may claim monetary compensation for losses caused by an unlawful government disposition, provided: (a) the disposition was illegal; (b) the responsible civil servant acted intentionally or negligently; and (c) actual damages resulted. State compensation claims are filed in ordinary civil courts (not administrative courts) and typically proceed in parallel with or after a successful revocation suit.
Q7: Do BIT protections apply in parallel with domestic administrative litigation?
Yes. Korea has over 90 bilateral investment treaties in force. Many Korean BITs — as well as KORUS FTA Chapter 11 — include investor-state dispute settlement (ISDS) provisions allowing foreign investors to bring international arbitration against Korea for measures violating fair and equitable treatment, expropriation, or discrimination standards. BIT arbitration and domestic litigation may proceed simultaneously, though some treaties require a "fork in the road" choice at a certain stage. Consult Korean and international counsel before committing to a forum.
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📋 韩国法律解析 | 行政法
作者：NOH UJIN 律师 | HANBYOL LAW LLC，首尔
对韩国监管机构提起行政诉讼：2026年外资企业完全指南
在韩国经营的外资企业日益频繁地与强大的监管机构打交道——从韩国公平交易委员会（KFTC）和金融服务委员会（FSC），到食品药品安全部（MFDS）和环境部（ME）。当政府机构作出不利决定——拒绝许可证、课征罚款、发出纠正命令或暂停营业令时——受影响的企业并非束手无策。韩国行政法提供了强有力的机制，可通过行政申诉，乃至向法院提起行政诉讼，对上述决定提出质疑。
1. 主要监管机构
- 公平交易委员会（KFTC）——竞争法、并购申报、不公平贸易行为、特许经营监管
- 金融服务委员会（FSC）/ 金融监督院（FSS）——银行、资本市场、保险、金融科技许可
- 食品药品安全部（MFDS）——药品、医疗器械、食品进口、化妆品
- 环境部（ME）——排放交易（K-ETS）、K-REACH化学品注册、环境许可
- 国税厅（NTS）——企业税评估、转让定价调整
- 个人信息保护委员会（PIPC）——个人数据处理、违规调查
2. 法律框架
韩国行政争议的主要法律依据：
- 《行政诉讼法》——规定四类行政诉讼：撤销诉讼、无效确认诉讼、义务诉讼和禁止诉讼
- 《行政审判法》——提供诉讼前的行政申诉机制（中央行政审判委员会）
- 《行政程序基本法》——保障正当程序权利：事先通知、提交意见机会、书面处分理由
- 《信息公开请求法》——允许当事方获取与案件相关的机构档案
3. 挑战监管处分的步骤
- 收到书面通知并分析理由——立即委托韩国法律顾问，审查机构是否越权、违反程序、认定事实错误或处罚明显不当。
- 行政申诉（可选但具有战略价值）——向中央行政审判委员会或专门申诉机构提出申诉，期限为处分之日起90天内。通常3至6个月完结，费用较低。
- 申请执行停止（집행정지）——若监管令即时生效，须紧急向法院申请停止执行，避免不可挽回的损失。
- 向行政法院提起撤销诉讼——提起期限为处分之日起90天，绝对期限为1年。法院审查处分的合法性而非政策合理性。
- 举证与上诉——可向高等法院和最高法院进一步上诉。
4. 实质性挑战事由
- 超越法定权限（越权）
- 违反正当程序
- 事实认定错误
- 处罚不成比例（违反比例原则）
- 歧视性对待外资企业
5. 外资企业特别注意事项
外资企业在韩国具有完整的行政诉讼当事人资格，享有与国内企业相同的正当程序权利。所有诉讼程序以韩文进行，外文证据需附经认证的翻译。此外，双边投资协定（BIT）及韩美自由贸易协定（KORUS FTA）中的投资者—国家争端解决（ISDS）条款，可与国内行政诉讼并行适用。
常见问题解答（FAQ）
Q1：外资企业是否必须先提起行政申诉再提起诉讼？
通常不需要。《行政诉讼法》规定，行政申诉一般为可选程序，而非前置条件。但税务争议（国税厅）、部分FSC/FSS决定及专利事务（IPTAB）可能有特殊要求，需向韩国律师确认。
Q2：挑战监管决定的时效是多久？
标准期限为处分之日或知悉处分之日起90天，绝对期限为处分之日起1年。韩国法院严格执行该期限，错过期限将丧失诉权。一旦收到监管决定，应立即咨询韩国律师。
Q3：能否对KFTC罚款提起诉讼？
可以。KFTC罚款（过징금）须先经KFTC内部全体委员会审议程序，之后可在收到决定后30天内向首尔高等法院提起撤销诉讼（首尔高等法院对KFTC决定具有专属管辖权）。
Q4：是否可以申请暂停监管令的执行？
可以。依据《行政诉讼法》第23条申请执行停止，法院通常在2至4周内作出裁定。需证明：有初步胜诉可能、即时执行将造成不可挽回的损害，且暂停不违反公共利益。
Q5：韩国是否可以对违法行政行为要求国家赔偿？
可以。依据《国家赔偿法》，企业可就因违法政府处分遭受的损失提出赔偿请求，条件是处分违法、相关公务员存在故意或过失，且造成实际损失。赔偿请求在普通民事法院提出，通常与撤销诉讼并行或在其成功后提起。
📌 官方参考资料
📚 相关文章
📋 韓国法律インサイト | 行政法
執筆：NOH UJIN 弁護士 | HANBYOL LAW LLC、ソウル
韓国の規制当局に対する行政訴訟：2026年版 外資系企業のための完全ガイド
韓国で事業を展開する外資系企業は、公正取引委員会（KFTC）、金融サービス委員会（FSC）、食品医薬品安全処（MFDS）、環境部（ME）など、強力な規制当局と複雑な関係を築かざるを得ない状況に置かれています。政府機関が不利な処分——許可の拒否、課徴金、是正命令、営業停止処分——を下した場合でも、企業は対抗手段を持っています。韓国行政法には、行政審判と行政訴訟という強力な不服申立制度が整備されています。
1. 主要規制機関
- 公正取引委員会（KFTC）——競争法、企業結合届出、不公正取引、フランチャイズ規制
- 金融サービス委員会（FSC）/ 金融監督院（FSS）——銀行、資本市場、保険、フィンテックライセンス
- 食品医薬品安全処（MFDS）——医薬品、医療機器、食品輸入、化粧品
- 環境部（ME）——排出権取引（K-ETS）、K-REACH化学物質登録、環境許可
- 国税庁（NTS）——法人税更正処分、移転価格調整
- 個人情報保護委員会（PIPC）——個人情報処理、情報漏洩調査
2. 法的枠組み
- 行政訴訟法——取消訴訟、無効等確認訴訟、義務付け訴訟、差止訴訟の4種類を規定
- 行政審判法——中央行政審判委員会への行政審判という事前不服申立手続を規定
- 行政手続法（行政절차법）——事前通知、意見提出機会、書面による処分理由の提示を義務付け
- 情報公開請求法——機関の調査記録や内部審議文書の入手を可能にする
3. 規制処分に異議を申し立てる手順
- 書面通知の受領と根拠の分析——直ちに韓国弁護士を起用し、権限逸脱・手続違反・事実認定誤り・過度な制裁を検討
- 行政審判（任意だが戦略的選択肢）——処分日から90日以内に申立。3～6ヶ月で終結し、費用が低い
- 執行停止の申請——処分の即時効力を停止するため、裁判所に緊急申請
- 行政裁判所への取消訴訟——処分日から90日以内（絶対的上限1年）に提訴
- 高等裁判所・最高裁判所への上訴——一審判決から14日以内に控訴可能
4. 主な実体的争点
- 法定権限の逸脱（越権行為）
- 適正手続き違反
- 事実認定の誤り
- 制裁の不均衡（比例原則違反）
- 外資系企業への差別的取扱い
5. 外資系企業特有の考慮事項
外資系企業は韓国の行政訴訟において国内企業と同等の当事者適格を有します。全手続きは韓国語で行われるため、外国語証拠には認証翻訳が必要です。また、二国間投資協定（BIT）やKORUS FTA第11章に基づくISDS仲裁も、国内行政訴訟と並行して活用できます。
よくある質問（FAQ）
Q1：行政訴訟の前に行政審判を経る必要がありますか？
通常は不要です。行政訴訟法では行政審判は任意とされています。ただし、税務争議（国税庁）、一部のFSC/FSS決定、特許審判院（IPTAB）案件では事前審判が義務付けられることがあります。韓国弁護士に確認してください。
Q2：規制処分への異議申立の期限はいつですか？
標準期限は処分日または処分を知った日から90日、絶対的上限は処分日から1年です。期限を過ぎると訴権を失います。処分を受けたら直ちに弁護士に相談してください。
Q3：KFTCの課徴金に異議を申し立てられますか？
はい。KFTCの課徴金は、まずKFTC内部の全員会議手続きを経る必要があります。その後、決定日から30日以内にソウル高等裁判所（KFTCの決定に対する専属管轄）に取消訴訟を提起できます。
Q4：処分の執行停止は申請できますか？
はい。行政訴訟法第23条に基づく執行停止申請を、処分受領後直ちに提出してください。裁判所は通常2～4週間で裁定を下します。医薬品や金融サービス分野での停止認容事例が多数あります。
Q5：違法な行政処分による損害について国家賠償を請求できますか？
はい。国家賠償法に基づき、違法処分による損害について賠償を請求できます。担当公務員の故意・過失と実際の損害発生が要件です。賠償請求は通常の民事裁判所に提起し、取消訴訟と並行または成功後に進めます。
📌 公式参考資料
📚 関連記事
📋 Perspectiva Legal Coreana | Derecho Administrativo
Por el Abogado NOH UJIN | HANBYOL LAW LLC, Seúl
Litigación Administrativa Contra Reguladores Coreanos: Guía Completa 2026 para Empresas Extranjeras
Las empresas extranjeras que operan en Corea del Sur se enfrentan cada vez más a interacciones complejas con poderosos organismos reguladores: la Comisión de Comercio Justo de Corea (KFTC), la Comisión de Servicios Financieros (FSC), el Ministerio de Seguridad Alimentaria y Farmacéutica (MFDS) y el Ministerio de Medio Ambiente (ME), entre otros. Cuando una agencia gubernamental emite una decisión desfavorable —denegación de licencia, multa coercitiva, orden correctiva o suspensión de actividades—, la empresa afectada no está desamparada. La legislación administrativa coreana ofrece mecanismos sólidos para impugnar dichas decisiones mediante recursos administrativos y, si fuera necesario, litigación administrativa ante los tribunales.
1. Marco Legal Aplicable
- Ley de Litigación Administrativa (행정소송법) — establece cuatro tipos de acciones: recurso de anulación, acción de nulidad, acción de obligación y acción de prohibición
- Ley de Recurso Administrativo (행정심판법) — regula el recurso previo ante la Comisión Central de Recursos Administrativos
- Ley Marco de Procedimiento Administrativo (행정절차법) — garantiza la notificación previa, la audiencia y la motivación escrita
- Ley de Acceso a la Información Pública — permite obtener expedientes de la agencia relevantes para el caso
2. Pasos para Impugnar una Disposición Regulatoria
- Analizar la notificación escrita — contratar inmediatamente asesor legal coreano para evaluar extralimitación de competencias, vicios procesales, errores fácticos o sanciones desproporcionadas
- Recurso administrativo (opcional) — ante la Comisión Central o el órgano especializado, en el plazo de 90 días desde la disposición; se resuelve en 3-6 meses
- Solicitud de suspensión de la ejecución — petición urgente al tribunal para evitar daños irreparables mientras se tramita el litigio
- Recurso de anulación ante el Tribunal Administrativo — plazo de 90 días desde la disposición (límite absoluto: 1 año); el tribunal revisa la legalidad, no la oportunidad
- Apelación ante el Tribunal Superior y el Tribunal Supremo — posible en un plazo de 14 días desde la notificación de la sentencia de primera instancia
3. Motivos de Impugnación
- Exceso de competencia (ultra vires)
- Vulneración del debido proceso
- Error en la apreciación de los hechos
- Sanción desproporcionada (vulneración del principio de proporcionalidad)
- Trato discriminatorio hacia la empresa extranjera
4. Consideraciones Especiales para Empresas Extranjeras
Las empresas extranjeras gozan de plena legitimación activa en la litigación administrativa coreana. Todos los procedimientos se desarrollan en coreano y las pruebas en idioma extranjero requieren traducción certificada. Los tratados bilaterales de inversión (TBI) y el Capítulo 11 del KORUS TLC prevén mecanismos de solución de controversias inversor-Estado (ISDS) que pueden utilizarse en paralelo con la vía judicial interna.
Preguntas Frecuentes (FAQ)
P1: ¿Deben las empresas extranjeras agotar los recursos administrativos antes de acudir a los tribunales?
Generalmente no. La Ley de Litigación Administrativa establece que el recurso administrativo es optativo. Sin embargo, para disputas fiscales (Servicio Nacional de Impuestos), ciertas decisiones de la FSC/FSS y asuntos ante el IPTAB, pueden existir requisitos de agotamiento previo. Consulte siempre a su asesor jurídico coreano.
P2: ¿Cuál es el plazo para impugnar una resolución regulatoria?
El plazo estándar es de 90 días desde la fecha de la disposición o de su conocimiento, con un límite absoluto de 1 año desde la fecha de la disposición. Los tribunales coreanos aplican estos plazos de manera estricta. Ante cualquier resolución regulatoria, consulte inmediatamente a un abogado coreano.
P3: ¿Se puede impugnar una multa de la KFTC?
Sí. Las multas coercitivas de la KFTC deben pasar primero por el procedimiento de adjudicación interno del pleno de la KFTC. Tras la decisión del pleno, la empresa dispone de 30 días para interponer recurso de anulación ante el Tribunal Superior de Seúl (con jurisdicción exclusiva sobre las decisiones de la KFTC).
P4: ¿Se puede solicitar la suspensión de una orden regulatoria mientras se tramita el litigio?
Sí, mediante la solicitud de suspensión de efectos del artículo 23 de la Ley de Litigación Administrativa. El tribunal resuelve habitualmente en 2-4 semanas. Se requiere demostrar prima facie caso favorable, daño irreparable inminente y ausencia de perjuicio al interés público.
P5: ¿Puede reclamarse indemnización al Estado por una disposición administrativa ilícita?
Sí. La Ley de Indemnización del Estado (국가배상법) permite reclamar daños y perjuicios causados por disposiciones gubernamentales ilegales, siempre que concurran: ilegalidad de la disposición, culpa o dolo del funcionario responsable y daños efectivos. La reclamación se presenta ante los tribunales civiles ordinarios, normalmente en paralelo con el recurso de anulación o tras su estimación.
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