📋 Korean Law Insight | Space & Technology Law
By Attorney NOH UJIN | HANBYOL LAW LLC, Seoul
Korean Space Industry and New Space Law for Foreign Companies
South Korea has rapidly emerged as a serious spacefaring nation. With the successful launch of the domestically developed Nuri (KSLV-II) rocket and the establishment of the Korea Aerospace Administration (KASA) in 2024, the country has entered a new era of space exploration and commercial space development. For foreign companies seeking to participate in Korea's growing space economy — whether as satellite manufacturers, launch service providers, data analytics firms, or technology partners — understanding the legal landscape is essential.
This guide examines the key statutes, regulatory authorities, licensing requirements, and investment frameworks governing Korea's space industry, with a focus on practical implications for foreign businesses.
1. Legal Framework Overview
1.1 The Space Development Promotion Act (우주개발진흥법)
The cornerstone of Korean space law is the Space Development Promotion Act (SDPA), first enacted in 2005 and substantially amended in recent years to reflect the growing role of private enterprise. The SDPA establishes the policy framework for national space development, mandates the creation of a National Space Development Plan (갱신 주기: 5년), and defines the roles of government agencies and private companies.
Key provisions relevant to foreign companies include:
- Article 11: Requirements for registration of space objects launched by Korean entities or from Korean territory
- Article 14: Licensing requirements for commercial space launch activities
- Article 18: Regulations on the use of space-derived data and geospatial information
- Article 20: Safety and liability provisions for space launch operators
1.2 The Space Industry Development and Support Act (우주산업육성지원법)
Enacted in 2023 and effective from 2024, this newer statute specifically targets the growth of Korea's commercial space sector. It provides the basis for:
- Designation of special space industry clusters (우주산업클러스터)
- Government support programs for space startups and SMEs
- Public-private partnership frameworks for space infrastructure
- Incentives for foreign direct investment in the space sector
1.3 The Korea Aerospace Administration (KASA)
Established in May 2024, KASA (한국우주항공청) is the primary regulatory and policy authority for Korea's space activities, replacing the previous dispersed governance structure spread across the Ministry of Science and ICT (MSIT) and other agencies. Foreign companies must now primarily engage with KASA for:
- Launch licensing and mission authorization
- Satellite frequency coordination
- Technology export review for space-related equipment
- R&D partnership agreements involving government funding
2. Licensing and Registration Requirements
2.1 Commercial Launch Licensing
Foreign companies wishing to conduct launch activities from Korean soil or in partnership with Korean entities must obtain a commercial launch license from KASA. The application process typically involves:
- Submission of a detailed mission profile and safety assessment
- Environmental impact review for launch site operations
- Insurance certification (minimum liability coverage as prescribed by KASA)
- Technology security review under the Defense Acquisition Program Administration (DAPA) if the payload has dual-use potential
- Coordination with the Korea Communications Commission (KCC) for frequency allocation
Processing time typically ranges from 90 to 180 days depending on mission complexity. Fees are assessed based on mission risk classification.
2.2 Satellite Registration
Under Article 11 of the SDPA, all space objects launched by Korean residents or legal entities — including foreign-invested companies incorporated in Korea — must be registered in Korea's national space object registry. For joint missions with foreign entities, dual registration may be required consistent with the UN Registration Convention, to which Korea is a signatory.
2.3 Ground Station Licensing
Foreign companies operating satellite ground stations in Korea must obtain a radio station license from the Korea Communications Commission (KCC) under the Radio Waves Act (전파법). This includes teleports, gateway earth stations, and user terminal networks for broadband satellite services.
3. Foreign Investment Restrictions
3.1 National Security Screening
Korea's Foreign Investment Promotion Act (FIPA) generally welcomes foreign investment. However, the space sector intersects with national security in ways that trigger additional scrutiny. The Foreign Investment Committee reviews investments in:
- Launch vehicle manufacturing and propulsion systems
- Military satellite technology and dual-use equipment
- Space situational awareness (SSA) systems
- Critical space infrastructure (ground networks, satellite control facilities)
In practice, foreign investors in these areas should expect a national security review that can extend timelines by 2–3 months and may impose operational conditions (e.g., data localization, Korean board representation, or segregated IT systems).
3.2 Technology Export Controls
Korea's Strategic Technology Export Control Act (전략물자 수출입고시) and related regulations implementing the Wassenaar Arrangement restrict the export of sensitive space technologies. Foreign companies conducting R&D partnerships with Korean universities or state research institutes (KAERI, KARI, ETRI, etc.) must ensure that technology transfer is pre-cleared by the Ministry of Trade, Industry and Energy (MOTIE).
Critical space technologies subject to export control include:
- Rocket propulsion systems with specific thrust and fuel specifications
- Guidance and navigation systems exceeding certain accuracy thresholds
- Advanced materials for thermal protection (ablatives, composites)
- High-resolution satellite imaging systems (sub-0.5m resolution)
4. Space Data and Remote Sensing Regulations
The use of satellite-derived geospatial data is regulated under the Spatial Data Industry Promotion Act (공간정보산업 진흥법) and implementing guidelines from the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport (MOLIT). Foreign companies operating Earth observation satellites or providing satellite-based services in Korea should note:
- High-resolution imagery restriction: Imagery with resolution finer than 0.5m captured over Korean territory may not be commercially distributed without government authorization
- Data localization: Certain categories of geospatial data collected in Korea must be stored on servers located within Korea
- Government right of access: During national emergencies or for national security purposes, the government may requisition access to satellite imagery or data
- Defense-sensitive zones: Imagery of designated military installations and government facilities is restricted even for general commercial use
5. Intellectual Property in the Space Sector
Space technology development inevitably generates significant intellectual property. Foreign companies engaged in collaborative space projects in Korea should structure their agreements carefully:
5.1 Government-Funded R&D
Under the Act on the Promotion of Technology Transfer and Commercialization and KASA's R&D regulations, intellectual property arising from government-funded space research is subject to joint ownership provisions. Foreign partners should negotiate IP ownership, licensing rights, and commercialization terms upfront, as default rules may vest significant rights in the Korean government or co-developing institution.
5.2 Patent Strategy
Korea's patent system (administered by KIPO) offers strong protections. Foreign companies should file Korean patent applications early, particularly for novel propulsion concepts, satellite bus designs, and ground segment technologies, as Korean competitors are active patent filers in these areas.
6. Liability and Insurance
Korea is a party to the Convention on International Liability for Damage Caused by Space Objects (Liability Convention). Domestically, the SDPA requires commercial launch operators to carry liability insurance with limits set by KASA. Key points:
- Third-party liability insurance is mandatory for all commercial launches
- Insurance requirements are tiered based on mission risk classification (LEO, MEO, GEO, deep space)
- The Korean government indemnifies launch operators for liability exceeding a specified cap in certain circumstances (state guarantee scheme)
- Foreign launch service providers partnering with Korean entities should clarify indemnification arrangements in their commercial contracts
7. Public-Private Partnership Opportunities
Korea's space policy explicitly encourages private sector participation through PPP frameworks. Key programs of interest to foreign companies include:
- Korea's Lunar Exploration Program: Partners with NASA and ESA; commercial participation is open for specific payload and service contracts
- Korea Space Launch Vehicle (KSLV-III) Development: Next-generation launch vehicle program with potential commercial operator roles
- Korea Pathfinder Lunar Orbiter (Danuri) follow-on missions: Scientific instrument and data processing contracts
- Low-orbit satellite internet constellation (6G LEO): Korea is developing its own LEO broadband constellation with ground terminal procurement opportunities
- Naro Space Center expansion: New launch pads and test facilities with potential operator contracts
8. Practical Steps for Foreign Companies Entering Korea's Space Market
- Corporate establishment: Incorporate a Korean subsidiary (주식회사 or 유한회사) or establish a branch office to qualify for government contracts and R&D grants
- KASA engagement: Contact KASA's Industry Cooperation Division early to understand licensing requirements and current procurement opportunities
- Technology export pre-clearance: Engage MOTIE's Strategic Trade Division before finalizing any technology transfer agreements
- IP structuring: Define ownership, licensing, and commercialization rights for any jointly developed IP before commencing R&D collaboration
- Frequency coordination: Apply to KCC for frequency allocations well in advance (typically 12–18 months before launch)
- Insurance arrangement: Work with Korean insurers (e.g., Samsung Fire & Marine, DB Insurance) familiar with space liability products
- National security pre-screening: For sensitive investments, consider a voluntary pre-consultation with the Foreign Investment Committee to identify potential conditions
📌 Official References
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)
Q1: Can a foreign company obtain a commercial launch license in Korea without a Korean subsidiary?
Generally, no. The SDPA and KASA regulations require the license holder to be a legal entity registered in Korea. Foreign companies must establish a Korean subsidiary, branch, or joint venture to hold the license directly. However, foreign companies can act as service providers or technology partners to a Korean license holder without establishing a local entity.
Q2: What is the minimum insurance coverage required for a commercial satellite launch in Korea?
KASA sets minimum third-party liability insurance requirements on a mission-by-mission basis, considering factors such as launch vehicle type, orbit, payload mass, and risk profile. As a rough benchmark, recent KSLV-II commercial missions have required third-party coverage in the range of KRW 100 billion to KRW 200 billion (approximately USD 75M–150M), but exact requirements must be confirmed with KASA for each mission.
Q3: Are there restrictions on foreign ownership of a Korean space company?
For most commercial space activities (satellite services, software, data analytics), there are no foreign ownership restrictions and 100% foreign-owned companies are permitted under FIPA. However, investments in launch vehicle manufacturing, military satellite technology, or critical space infrastructure may be subject to national security screening with potential conditions imposed on the investment.
Q4: How does Korea's satellite data policy compare with other major space nations?
| Issue | Korea | USA | EU |
|---|
| High-res imagery restriction | Sub-0.5m requires authorization | Shutter control policy; sub-0.25m restricted | No uniform restriction; member state laws vary |
| Data localization | Certain categories must be stored in Korea | No mandatory localization | GDPR data localization for personal data only |
| Government access right | National emergency requisition power | National security authority via FISA/EO | Public interest override under GDPR Art. 23 |
| Export controls | MTCR-aligned, Wassenaar | EAR/ITAR (extraterritorial) | EU Dual-Use Regulation |
Q5: What are the key intellectual property risks in government-funded space R&D collaborations?
The primary risk is the inadvertent vesting of IP ownership or broad licensing rights in the Korean government or co-developing institution. Default rules under Korean R&D regulations may give the government a royalty-free license to use jointly developed IP for governmental purposes, and may restrict export of resulting technology. Foreign partners should negotiate explicit IP ownership provisions — ideally securing sole or majority ownership of technologies they contribute — and ensure that any government license is narrowly scoped to non-commercial governmental use.
Q6: Is Korea a party to major international space law treaties?
Yes. Korea has acceded to all five major UN space treaties: the Outer Space Treaty (1967), the Rescue Agreement (1968), the Liability Convention (1972), the Registration Convention (1975), and the Moon Agreement (1979). Korea is also a member of the Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space (COPUOS) and participates in the International Astronautical Congress (IAC). These treaty obligations shape domestic space law and licensing requirements.
Q7: What government grants or subsidies are available for foreign companies investing in Korea's space sector?
Under the Space Industry Development and Support Act, KASA and MOTIE administer several support programs:
- Space Industry Cluster designation: Companies locating in designated clusters (e.g., Sacheon in South Gyeongsang Province) receive tax incentives, subsidized land, and infrastructure support
- R&D grants: Foreign-invested companies with Korean subsidiaries can apply for competitive R&D grants through the National Research Foundation (NRF) and KASA's industrial R&D programs
- Cash grants: Large-scale FDI in strategic space technologies may qualify for cash incentives under FIPA's investment incentive scheme (typically for investments exceeding USD 30M with significant job creation)
- Regulatory sandbox: The ICT/space regulatory sandbox allows innovative space technology demonstrations without full licensing compliance for a designated test period (typically 2 years)
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📋 韩国法律洞察 | 航天与科技法
作者：NOH UJIN 律师 | HANBYOL LAW LLC，首尔
韩国航天产业与新航天法：外资企业完全指南
韩国已迅速成为重要的航天国家。随着国产"世界"（KSLV-II）运载火箭的成功发射以及2024年韩国宇宙航空厅（KASA）的成立，韩国进入了航天探索与商业航天发展的新纪元。对于希望参与韩国航天经济的外资企业——无论是卫星制造商、发射服务提供商、数据分析公司还是技术合作伙伴——了解法律环境至关重要。
一、法律框架概述
1.1《航天开发振兴法》(우주개발진흥법)
《航天开发振兴法》（SDPA）是韩国航天法的基石，于2005年首次颁布，近年来进行了重大修订。该法建立了国家航天开发政策框架，规定了政府机构与私营企业的职责，并要求制定国家航天开发计划（每5年更新一次）。
1.2《航天产业发展与支持法》(우주산업육성지원법)
于2023年颁布、2024年生效的新法律专门针对韩国商业航天部门的发展，为航天产业集群的设立、政府对航天初创企业的支持、公私合作框架以及外商直接投资激励措施提供了法律依据。
1.3 韩国宇宙航空厅（KASA）
KASA于2024年5月成立，是韩国航天活动的主要监管和政策机构，取代了此前分散在科学技术信息通信部等多个机构的治理结构。外资企业在发射许可证、卫星频率协调、技术出口审查等方面均需与KASA进行主要对接。
二、许可证与注册要求
希望在韩国领土上或与韩国实体合作开展发射活动的外资企业，需向KASA申请商业发射许可证。申请流程通常涉及提交详细的任务说明和安全评估、环境影响评价、保险证明、国防采购项目管理局（DAPA）的技术安全审查（如载荷具有两用潜力）以及韩国通信委员会（KCC）的频率分配协调。处理时间通常为90至180天。
三、外商投资限制
韩国《外商投资促进法》（FIPA）总体上欢迎外商投资。然而，航天领域与国家安全的交叉地带会引发额外审查。外国投资委员会对运载火箭制造与推进系统、军事卫星技术及两用设备、太空态势感知系统以及关键航天基础设施的投资进行审查。
四、卫星数据与遥感法规
卫星地理空间数据的使用受《空间信息产业振兴法》及国土交通部（MOLIT）指南的规制。外资企业应注意高分辨率图像限制（优于0.5米的图像需政府授权）、数据本地化要求以及国防敏感区域的特别限制。
五、常见问题解答（FAQ）
Q1：外资企业能否在没有韩国子公司的情况下获得商业发射许可证？
一般而言不能。《航天开发振兴法》要求许可证持有人为在韩注册的法律实体。外资企业须在韩设立子公司、分支机构或合资企业方可直接持有许可证。但外资企业可作为服务提供商或技术合作伙伴，无需在韩设立本地实体。
Q2：外资企业持股韩国航天公司是否有限制？
对于大多数商业航天活动（卫星服务、软件、数据分析），FIPA允许100%外资持股。但对运载火箭制造、军事卫星技术或关键航天基础设施的投资可能须接受国家安全审查，并可能附加条件。
Q3：在政府资助的航天研发合作中，知识产权的主要风险是什么？
主要风险是联合开发知识产权的所有权或广泛许可权无意间归属于韩国政府或共同开发机构。外资合作伙伴应明确谈判知识产权归属条款，确保政府许可范围仅限于非商业性政府用途。
Q4：韩国是否加入了主要国际航天法条约？
是的。韩国已加入所有五项主要联合国航天条约：《外层空间条约》（1967年）、《救援协定》（1968年）、《责任公约》（1972年）、《登记公约》（1975年）和《月球协定》（1979年）。
Q5：外资企业在韩国航天领域可获得哪些政府资助或补贴？
根据《航天产业发展与支持法》，入驻指定航天产业集群（如庆尚南道泗川市）的企业可享受税收优惠、土地补贴和基础设施支持；在韩设有子公司的外资企业可申请竞争性研发资助；大规模外商直接投资可能符合FIPA投资激励方案的现金补贴资格；此外还可申请ICT/航天监管沙盒，在不完全遵守许可证规定的情况下进行创新航天技术演示（通常为期2年）。
📌 官方参考资料
📚 相关文章
📋 韓国法律インサイト | 宇宙・技術法
NOH UJIN 弁護士 著 | HANBYOL LAW LLC、ソウル
韓国の宇宙産業と新宇宙法：外資系企業向け完全ガイド
韓国は急速に本格的な宇宙開発国として台頭しています。国産「ヌリ」（KSLV-II）ロケットの打ち上げ成功と2024年の韓国宇宙航空庁（KASA）設立により、韓国は宇宙探査・商業宇宙開発の新時代に突入しました。衛星メーカー、打ち上げサービスプロバイダー、データ分析企業、技術パートナーなど、韓国の成長する宇宙経済への参入を検討する外資系企業にとって、法的環境の理解は不可欠です。
1. 法的枠組みの概要
1.1「宇宙開発振興法」(우주개발진흥법)
「宇宙開発振興法」（SDPA）は韓国宇宙法の礎石であり、2005年に初めて制定され、近年大幅に改正されました。同法は国家宇宙開発政策の枠組みを確立し、政府機関と民間企業の役割を定義し、国家宇宙開発計画（5年ごとに更新）の策定を義務付けています。
1.2「宇宙産業育成支援法」
2023年に制定され2024年に施行されたこの新法は、韓国の商業宇宙セクターの成長を特に対象とし、宇宙産業クラスターの指定、スタートアップへの政府支援、官民連携（PPP）枠組み、外国直接投資へのインセンティブの基盤を提供しています。
1.3 韓国宇宙航空庁（KASA）
2024年5月に設立されたKASAは、科学技術情報通信部（MSIT）などに分散していた従来のガバナンス構造に替わる、韓国宇宙活動の主要な規制・政策機関です。打ち上げ認可、衛星周波数調整、技術輸出審査、R&Dパートナーシップ協定に関して、外資系企業は主にKASAと連携する必要があります。
2. 許認可・登録要件
韓国領土または韓国企業との連携で打ち上げ活動を行いたい外資系企業は、KASAから商業打ち上げライセンスを取得する必要があります。申請プロセスには、詳細なミッションプロファイルと安全性評価の提出、環境影響評価、保険証明、防衛事業庁（DAPA）による技術安全審査、韓国通信委員会（KCC）との周波数調整が通常含まれます。処理期間はミッションの複雑さに応じて90〜180日です。
3. 外国投資規制
韓国の「外国人投資促進法」（FIPA）は一般的に外国投資を歓迎していますが、宇宙セクターは国家安全保障と交差するため、追加審査が生じます。外国投資委員会は、ロケット製造・推進システム、軍事衛星技術・デュアルユース機器、宇宙状況認識（SSA）システム、重要宇宙インフラへの投資を審査します。
4. 衛星データと地球観測規制
衛星由来の地理空間データの使用は「空間情報産業振興法」および国土交通省（MOLIT）のガイドラインで規制されています。外資系企業は高解像度画像の制限（韓国領土上で0.5m以下の解像度の画像は政府承認が必要）、データローカライゼーション要件、防衛敏感区域の特別制限に注意する必要があります。
5. よくある質問（FAQ）
Q1：韓国子会社なしで商業打ち上げライセンスを取得できますか？
一般的には不可能です。SDPAとKASA規則では、ライセンス保有者が韓国に登録された法人であることを求めています。外資系企業は、ライセンスを直接保有するために韓国の子会社、支店、または合弁事業を設立する必要があります。
Q2：韓国の宇宙会社への外資保有に制限はありますか？
ほとんどの商業宇宙活動（衛星サービス、ソフトウェア、データ分析）では外資制限はなく、FIPAの下で100%外資保有が認められています。ただし、打ち上げ機製造、軍事衛星技術、重要宇宙インフラへの投資は国家安全保障審査の対象となる可能性があります。
Q3：政府資金による宇宙R&D共同研究での知的財産リスクは？
主なリスクは、共同開発知的財産の所有権または広範なライセンス権が意図せず韓国政府や共同開発機関に帰属することです。外国パートナーは、知的財産の帰属条項を明示的に交渉し、政府ライセンスの範囲を非商業的政府利用のみに限定することを確保する必要があります。
Q4：韓国の衛星データ政策は他の主要宇宙国と比較してどうですか？
| 項目 | 韓国 | 米国 | EU |
|---|
| 高解像度画像規制 | 0.5m以下は承認が必要 | シャッターコントロール政策;0.25m以下は制限 | 統一規制なし;加盟国法により異なる |
| データローカライゼーション | 特定カテゴリは韓国内保存義務 | 強制ローカライゼーションなし | 個人データのみGDPRで規制 |
| 政府アクセス権 | 国家緊急時の徴発権 | FISA/大統領令による国家安全保障機関 | GDPR第23条の公益上の例外 |
Q5：韓国は主要な国際宇宙法条約に加入していますか？
はい。韓国は5つの主要な国連宇宙条約すべてに加入しています：宇宙条約（1967年）、救助協定（1968年）、責任条約（1972年）、登録条約（1975年）、月協定（1979年）。
Q6：韓国の宇宙セクターに投資する外資系企業が利用できる政府補助金はありますか？
指定宇宙産業クラスター（慶尚南道泗川市など）への入居企業は税制優遇・土地補助・インフラ支援を受けられます。韓国子会社を持つ外資系企業はNRFやKASAの競争的R&D助成金に申請できます。大規模FDIはFIPAの投資インセンティブ制度の下で現金助成の対象となる場合があります。
📌 公式参考資料
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Por la Abogada NOH UJIN | HANBYOL LAW LLC, Seúl
La Industria Espacial de Corea y la Nueva Legislación Espacial para Empresas Extranjeras
Corea del Sur ha emergido rápidamente como una nación espacial seria. Con el exitoso lanzamiento del cohete Nuri (KSLV-II) de desarrollo nacional y el establecimiento de la Administración Aeroespacial de Corea (KASA) en 2024, el país ha entrado en una nueva era de exploración espacial y desarrollo espacial comercial. Para las empresas extranjeras que buscan participar en la creciente economía espacial de Corea — ya sean fabricantes de satélites, proveedores de servicios de lanzamiento, empresas de análisis de datos o socios tecnológicos — comprender el panorama legal es esencial.
1. Marco Legal General
1.1 Ley de Promoción del Desarrollo Espacial
La Ley de Promoción del Desarrollo Espacial (SDPA) es la piedra angular del derecho espacial coreano. Establece el marco político para el desarrollo espacial nacional, define los roles de los organismos gubernamentales y las empresas privadas, y exige la creación de un Plan Nacional de Desarrollo Espacial (actualizado cada 5 años).
1.2 Ley de Desarrollo y Apoyo a la Industria Espacial
Promulgada en 2023 y vigente desde 2024, esta nueva ley proporciona la base para la designación de clústeres especiales de la industria espacial, programas de apoyo gubernamental para startups espaciales, marcos de asociación público-privada e incentivos para la inversión extranjera directa en el sector espacial.
1.3 Administración Aeroespacial de Corea (KASA)
Establecida en mayo de 2024, KASA es la principal autoridad reguladora y de política para las actividades espaciales de Corea. Las empresas extranjeras deben principalmente relacionarse con KASA para obtener licencias de lanzamiento, coordinación de frecuencias satelitales y revisiones de exportación de tecnología.
2. Requisitos de Licencias y Registro
Las empresas extranjeras que deseen realizar actividades de lanzamiento desde suelo coreano o en asociación con entidades coreanas deben obtener una licencia de lanzamiento comercial de KASA. El proceso de solicitud normalmente implica presentar un perfil detallado de la misión, revisión de impacto ambiental, certificación de seguro, revisión de seguridad tecnológica y coordinación de frecuencias. Los tiempos de procesamiento oscilan entre 90 y 180 días.
3. Restricciones a la Inversión Extranjera
La Ley de Promoción de Inversión Extranjera (FIPA) de Corea generalmente da la bienvenida a la inversión extranjera. Sin embargo, el sector espacial se cruza con la seguridad nacional, lo que activa una revisión adicional por parte del Comité de Inversión Extranjera para inversiones en fabricación de vehículos de lanzamiento, tecnología de satélites militares, sistemas de concienciación situacional espacial e infraestructura espacial crítica.
4. Regulación de Datos Satelitales y Teledetección
Las empresas extranjeras que operan satélites de observación terrestre en Corea deben tener en cuenta: la restricción de imágenes de alta resolución (las imágenes con resolución inferior a 0,5m requieren autorización gubernamental), los requisitos de localización de datos y las restricciones especiales para zonas de defensa sensibles.
5. Preguntas Frecuentes (FAQ)
P1: ¿Puede una empresa extranjera obtener una licencia de lanzamiento comercial en Corea sin una subsidiaria coreana?
Generalmente no. Las regulaciones del SDPA y de KASA exigen que el titular de la licencia sea una entidad legal registrada en Corea. Las empresas extranjeras deben establecer una subsidiaria coreana, sucursal o empresa conjunta para ser titulares de la licencia directamente.
P2: ¿Existen restricciones sobre la participación extranjera en una empresa espacial coreana?
Para la mayoría de las actividades espaciales comerciales (servicios satelitales, software, análisis de datos), no hay restricciones a la propiedad extranjera y se permiten empresas 100% de propiedad extranjera bajo FIPA. Sin embargo, las inversiones en fabricación de vehículos de lanzamiento, tecnología de satélites militares o infraestructura espacial crítica pueden estar sujetas a revisión de seguridad nacional.
P3: ¿Cuáles son los principales riesgos de propiedad intelectual en colaboraciones de I+D espacial financiadas por el gobierno?
El riesgo principal es la cesión inadvertida de la propiedad de PI o derechos de licencia amplios al gobierno coreano o a la institución co-desarrolladora. Los socios extranjeros deben negociar disposiciones explícitas sobre propiedad de PI y garantizar que cualquier licencia gubernamental tenga un alcance limitado al uso gubernamental no comercial.
P4: ¿Cuáles son las subvenciones o subsidios gubernamentales disponibles para empresas extranjeras que invierten en el sector espacial de Corea?
Las empresas ubicadas en clústeres de la industria espacial designados reciben incentivos fiscales, terreno subsidiado y apoyo en infraestructura. Las empresas con subsidiarias coreanas pueden solicitar subvenciones competitivas de I+D. Las inversiones extranjeras a gran escala pueden calificar para incentivos en efectivo bajo el esquema de incentivos de inversión de FIPA.
P5: ¿Es Corea parte de los principales tratados internacionales de derecho espacial?
Sí. Corea ha adherido a los cinco principales tratados espaciales de la ONU: el Tratado sobre el Espacio Ultraterrestre (1967), el Acuerdo de Rescate (1968), el Convenio sobre la Responsabilidad Internacional (1972), el Convenio sobre el Registro (1975) y el Acuerdo sobre la Luna (1979).
P6: ¿Cómo se compara la política de datos satelitales de Corea con otros países?
| Aspecto | Corea | EE.UU. | UE |
|---|
| Restricción de imágenes de alta resolución | Inferior a 0,5m requiere autorización | Política de control de obturador; inferior a 0,25m restringido | Sin restricción uniforme; varía según leyes de Estados miembros |
| Localización de datos | Ciertas categorías deben almacenarse en Corea | Sin localización obligatoria | Solo datos personales bajo RGPD |
| Derecho de acceso gubernamental | Poder de requisa en emergencias nacionales | Autoridad de seguridad nacional vía FISA/EO | Excepción de interés público bajo RGPD Art. 23 |
P7: ¿Qué pasos prácticos deben seguir las empresas extranjeras para entrar al mercado espacial coreano?
- Constituir una subsidiaria coreana (주식회사 o 유한회사) o establecer una sucursal
- Contactar tempranamente con la División de Cooperación Industrial de KASA
- Obtener autorización previa de exportación tecnológica del MOTIE antes de finalizar cualquier acuerdo de transferencia tecnológica
- Definir la propiedad de PI antes de iniciar colaboraciones de I+D
- Solicitar asignaciones de frecuencias a KCC con 12-18 meses de anticipación
- Organizar seguros de responsabilidad civil con aseguradoras coreanas familiarizadas con productos de responsabilidad espacial
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