Startup Investment Agreements: Term Sheets and Convertible Notes Under Korean Law (EN/中文/日本語/Español)
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By Attorney NOH UJIN | HANBYOL LAW LLC, Seoul
Startup Investment Agreements: Term Sheets and Convertible Notes Under Korean Law
Korea's startup ecosystem has matured significantly over the past decade. With the government's active promotion of venture investment through the Venture Investment Promotion Act (벤처투자 촉진에 관한 법률, VIPA) enacted in 2020, and a vibrant venture capital community supporting unicorn-level companies in fintech, deep tech, and e-commerce, Korea has become an attractive destination for foreign venture investors and an important market for startups seeking cross-border funding. At the same time, Korean startup investment practice has its own legal idiosyncrasies that can surprise investors and founders accustomed to U.S. or European deal documentation.
This guide provides a comprehensive analysis of startup investment agreements under Korean law—from term sheets to convertible notes and Series A equity rounds—with practical guidance for foreign investors and Korean startups alike.
1. The Legal Foundation: Venture Investment and Company Law
Startup investment in Korea is regulated by several key statutes:
- Venture Investment Promotion Act (벤처투자 촉진에 관한 법률, VIPA, 2020): The primary statute governing venture capital funds (VCFs) and venture investment entities (조합). It replaced the former Small and Medium Business Start-up Support Act's investment provisions and introduced a more flexible framework for fund formation, investment vehicles, and exit mechanisms.
- Commercial Act (상법): Governs the issuance of preferred shares, convertible bonds, bonds with warrants (신주인수권부사채, BW), convertible notes (전환사채, CB), and shareholder agreements.
- Special Act on Support for Startups (중소기업창업 지원법): Provides additional incentives for early-stage startups, including tax benefits for qualifying angel investors.
- Financial Investment Services and Capital Markets Act (자본시장과 금융투자업에 관한 법률, FSCMA): Regulates securities issuance and trading; applies to startup equity transactions when shares are publicly offered or when the investor qualifies as a "professional investor" (전문투자자).
- Foreign Investment Promotion Act (외국인투자 촉진법, FIPA): Foreign investors acquiring equity in Korean startups must comply with FIPA reporting requirements—typically registering the investment with KOTRA's Invest KOREA portal.
2. Term Sheets: Structure and Key Terms
Korean startup term sheets largely mirror U.S. NVCA-style documents, adapted for Korean corporate law. A typical Korean Series A term sheet covers:
2.1 Investment Vehicle
The most common Korean startup investment structure is the issuance of redeemable convertible preferred shares (상환전환우선주, RCPS). RCPS combines three features: (i) preferential dividends, (ii) a redemption right (allowing investors to demand the company redeem shares at cost plus accrued dividend, usually after 5–7 years), and (iii) a conversion right (allowing conversion into common shares, typically at a 1:1 ratio unless adjusted for anti-dilution).
Unlike U.S. preferred stock, Korean RCPS must be carefully structured to comply with Commercial Act Articles 344, 345, and 346, which require that the terms of preferred shares be specified in the company's Articles of Incorporation (정관). Any RCPS issuance not properly reflected in the Articles is void as against third parties and may expose founders and directors to personal liability.
2.2 Valuation and Anti-Dilution
Korean term sheets commonly specify a pre-money valuation and the resulting price per share. Anti-dilution protection is typically structured as either:
- Full ratchet: The conversion ratio adjusts so that if a down-round occurs, the preferred shareholders' effective price drops to the new issuance price. Aggressive and disfavored by founders.
- Weighted average (넓은/좁은 가중평균): A more balanced approach using a formula to adjust the conversion price based on the weighted average price of new shares. The "broad-based" weighted average (including all outstanding securities) is more favorable to founders.
2.3 Liquidation Preference
Korean RCPS typically includes a 1x non-participating liquidation preference, meaning preferred shareholders receive their original investment amount (plus any accrued dividends) before common shareholders receive anything in a liquidation or M&A exit. Some Series B+ investors negotiate for a 1x participating preference or a 2x preference, which can significantly dilute founder economics in modest exits.
2.4 Board Composition and Veto Rights
Term sheets typically grant investors one or more board seats (이사 선임권), as well as protective provisions (부정적 의결권) requiring investor approval for certain key corporate actions, including:
- Amendments to the Articles of Incorporation affecting preferred share rights
- Issuance of new securities senior to or pari passu with existing preferred shares
- M&A transactions above a certain threshold
- Incurrence of debt above a threshold
- Changes in auditors
- Related-party transactions above a threshold
2.5 Tag-Along and Drag-Along Rights
Tag-along rights (동반매각청구권) allow investors to join a founder's share sale on the same terms. Drag-along rights (강제매각참여권) allow a majority of investors (often combined with a threshold of common holders) to compel all shareholders to participate in an M&A transaction. Korean courts have upheld both types of provisions when clearly documented in the shareholder agreement (주주간계약).
3. Convertible Notes and SAFE Instruments
For pre-seed and seed-stage investments, Korean startups increasingly use convertible bonds (전환사채, CB) rather than U.S.-style SAFEs (Simple Agreement for Future Equity). The divergence exists because:
- SAFEs are not a recognized instrument under Korean corporate law. A SAFE may be characterized as a prepayment for future shares (주식선도계약), which creates uncertainty under the Commercial Act and the FSCMA.
- Korean CBs are governed by Commercial Act Articles 513–516 and must be registered with the court registry (법원 등기소) within 2 weeks of issuance.
Key terms for Korean CBs include:
- Face value and interest rate: Most startup CBs carry a nominal interest rate (0–2% p.a.) to comply with minimum interest requirements.
- Conversion price: Typically set with a discount to the next equity round price (commonly 20–30%) or at a valuation cap.
- Conversion period: The window during which the holder may convert (often 1–3 years from issuance).
- Mandatory conversion: Many Korean CBs include a provision for mandatory conversion upon a qualifying equity financing, mirroring U.S. convertible note mechanics.
- Refund obligation: Unlike a SAFE, a CB carries a contractual obligation to repay principal if not converted, which increases the company's balance sheet liability exposure.
4. Shareholder Agreements: Key Provisions Under Korean Law
Korean shareholder agreements (주주간계약) are private contracts binding on the signatories but—unlike Articles of Incorporation—not automatically binding on future transferees. Key provisions include:
- Right of First Refusal (ROFR, 우선매수청구권): Shareholders wishing to transfer shares must first offer them to existing investors at the proposed price.
- Co-Sale Right (동반매각청구권): Investors may participate pro-rata in any founder share sale.
- IPO Obligations: Many Korean shareholder agreements include best-efforts obligations for the company to pursue a KOSPI/KOSDAQ listing within a specified timeframe (often 5–7 years), which, if breached, triggers investor redemption rights.
- Confidentiality and Non-Compete: Founder non-compete provisions must comply with the Unfair Competition Prevention and Trade Secret Protection Act (부정경쟁방지 및 영업비밀보호에 관한 법률) to be enforceable. Overly broad geographic or temporal scope is often struck down by Korean courts.
- Representations and Warranties (진술보증): Korean SPA and investment agreements include standard R&W provisions, but unlike U.S. practice, standalone R&W insurance is relatively uncommon in Korean venture transactions.
5. Foreign Investor Compliance: FIPA and FSCMA
Foreign investors acquiring equity in Korean startups must navigate the Foreign Investment Promotion Act (FIPA) reporting regime:
- Investments of KRW 100 million or more (or 10% or more of total issued shares) must be reported to KOTRA's Invest KOREA portal or a foreign exchange bank within 30 days after the investment is made.
- Foreign investors in Korean venture capital funds (조합) may have additional reporting obligations under the Foreign Exchange Transactions Act (외국환거래법).
- Strategic sectors—defense, broadcasting, telecommunications, newspapers—require prior government approval for foreign equity acquisition above certain thresholds under the Foreign Investment Promotion Act (FIPA).
6. Exit Mechanisms
Typical exit routes for Korean startup investors include:
- IPO: KOSDAQ listing (the preferred venue for tech and venture-backed companies) or KONEX for smaller startups. The Korea Exchange (KRX) has a tech-focused KOSDAQ market with dedicated listing requirements for startups (성장성 특례, special exception for growth-stage companies).
- M&A / Trade Sale: Governed by the Commercial Act and potentially subject to KFTC merger control notification if the combined revenue thresholds are exceeded.
- Redemption: RCPS holders may exercise redemption rights after the contractual holding period, forcing the company to repurchase shares at the original investment price plus accrued dividends. Redemption requires sufficient retained earnings or capital surplus under the Commercial Act.
- Secondary Share Sale: Sales of startup shares in the secondary market (장외거래) are possible but require compliance with FSCMA private placement rules and may trigger restrictions under the shareholder agreement.
📌 Official References
- Korean Law Information Center (law.go.kr)
- KOTRA – Invest KOREA (Foreign Investment Registration)
- Financial Supervisory Service (FSS)
- Korea Exchange (KRX) – KOSDAQ
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)
Q1: Can a foreign investor use a U.S.-style SAFE to invest in a Korean startup?
A U.S.-style SAFE is not a recognized instrument under Korean corporate law and carries legal uncertainty. Korean courts may characterize a SAFE as an advance payment for shares (주식선도계약) or as an unlicensed securities offering. The recommended alternative is a Korean-law convertible bond (전환사채, CB) governed by Commercial Act Articles 513–516, which provides legally recognized convertibility mechanics and is registered at the court registry for enforceability against third parties.
Q2: What is RCPS and why is it the dominant startup investment instrument in Korea?
RCPS (상환전환우선주, Redeemable Convertible Preferred Share) combines three investor-protective features: preferential dividends, a redemption right (the investor can demand the company buy back shares at the original investment price), and a conversion right (to convert into common shares for an IPO or M&A exit). It is the dominant instrument because it closely mirrors U.S. preferred stock economics within the Korean Commercial Act framework, and its terms can be fully specified in the company's Articles of Incorporation to bind all shareholders.
Q3: How long does it take to complete a Series A investment in Korea?
A typical Korean Series A investment process takes 2–4 months from term sheet to closing, broken down roughly as: due diligence (2–4 weeks), negotiation and documentation (3–6 weeks), Articles of Incorporation amendment and corporate approvals (1–2 weeks), share issuance and court registration (2 weeks), and FIPA reporting (within 30 days of investment). Regulatory approvals in sensitive sectors can extend the timeline significantly.
Q4: Are shareholder agreement provisions such as drag-along and tag-along enforceable in Korea?
Yes, Korean courts have enforced drag-along and tag-along provisions when they are clearly documented in a signed shareholder agreement and the exercise conditions are precisely defined. However, Korean courts also apply general principles of good faith and equity—an exercise of drag-along rights at a grossly undervalued price, or in a manner designed to unfairly squeeze out a minority, may be subject to challenge on grounds of abuse of rights (권리남용) under the Civil Act.
Q5: What happens if a Korean startup cannot redeem RCPS when the investor demands redemption?
If a company lacks sufficient distributable funds (잉여금) to redeem RCPS, the redemption right cannot be legally enforced through compulsory execution against the company's assets directly. In practice, investors use the contractual breach as a trigger to exercise additional shareholder agreement remedies—including demanding a board seat change, blocking further fundraising, or pursuing the founders' personal guarantee (if negotiated). Some founders provide personal guarantees for the redemption obligation, which creates significant personal financial exposure.
Q6: Does a foreign venture fund need a Korean financial license to invest in Korean startups?
Foreign venture funds investing directly in Korean startup equity (private placements) generally do not need a Korean financial license, provided the investment is structured as a private deal exempt from the FSCMA public offering rules. However, if the fund is soliciting Korean investors for participation, it may need to register as a collective investment vehicle under the FSCMA or rely on an available exemption (e.g., professional investor-only offerings). FIPA registration is mandatory for qualifying investments regardless of fund structure.
Q7: What are the key differences between Korean VC deal terms and U.S. VC deal terms?
| Feature | Korea | United States |
|---|---|---|
| Preferred Share Instrument | RCPS (상환전환우선주) | Convertible Preferred Stock |
| Redemption Right | Standard (5–7 year horizon) | Uncommon in venture deals |
| Convertible Seed Instrument | CB (전환사채) — registered | SAFE / Convertible Note |
| Anti-Dilution Standard | Weighted average (common) / Full ratchet (aggressive) | Weighted average (broad-based) |
| Liquidation Preference | 1x non-participating (standard) | 1x non-participating (standard) |
| IPO Obligation | Common (KOSDAQ best efforts, 5–7 years) | Rare (no contractual IPO obligation) |
| Foreign Investor Reporting | FIPA (30-day reporting) | CFIUS (if national security applies) |
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HANBYOL LAW LLC advises foreign investors, venture funds, and Korean startups on investment structuring, term sheet negotiation, and regulatory compliance under Korean law.
📧 ujin95@hanbl.co.kr | 🌐 www.hanbl.co.kr
Initial consultations are complimentary.
作者:NOH UJIN 律师 | HANBYOL LAW LLC,首尔
韩国创业投资协议:条款清单与可转换票据法律指南
过去十年,韩国创业生态系统显著成熟。随着2020年《风险投资促进法(벤처투자 촉진에 관한 법律,VIPA)》的颁布,以及金融科技、深度科技和电商领域独角兽企业的涌现,韩国已成为境外风险投资者的重要目的地。同时,韩国创业投资实践有其独特的法律特征,可能令习惯于美国或欧洲交易文件的投资者和创始人感到意外。
1. 法律基础:风险投资与公司法
韩国创业投资受《风险投资促进法(VIPA)》、《商法(상법)》、《中小企业创业支持法》及《资本市场与金融投资业法(FSCMA)》等法律规范。外国投资者还须遵守《外国人投资促进法(FIPA)》的申报要求。
2. 条款清单:结构与核心条款
韩国创业投资的主流工具是可赎回可转换优先股(상환전환우선주,RCPS),结合了优先股息、赎回权(通常5至7年后行使)和转换权三大功能。RCPS必须在公司章程(정관)中明确规定,否则对第三方无效,可能导致创始人和董事承担个人责任。
3. 可转换票据与SAFE工具
美式SAFE(Simple Agreement for Future Equity)在韩国公司法下不被认可,建议使用受《商法》第513至516条规范的可转换公司债(전환사채,CB)。韩国CB须在发行后2周内向法院登记机关(법원 등기소)申报登记,以确保对第三方的可执行性。
4. 股东协议:韩国法下的核心条款
韩国股东协议(주주간계약)是约束签署方的私人合同,重要条款包括:优先购买权(우선매수청구권)、随售权(동반매각청구권)、拖售权(강제매각참여권)、IPO义务(通常要求5至7年内在KOSDAQ上市)及保密与竞业限制条款。
5. 外资合规:FIPA与FSCMA
外国投资者持有韩国创业公司股权,若投资额达1亿韩元以上(或占总发行股份10%以上),须在投资后30天内向KOTRA的Invest KOREA门户或外汇银行申报。国防、广播、电信等战略领域需事先获得政府批准。
6. 退出机制
典型退出方式包括:KOSDAQ上市(科技与风险投资型企业首选)、并购/战略出售、RCPS赎回权行使,以及场外二级市场股权转让。
📌 官方参考资料
常见问题解答(FAQ)
Q1:外国投资者能否以美式SAFE方式投资韩国创业公司?
美式SAFE在韩国公司法下不被认可,存在法律不确定性。建议使用受《商法》第513至516条规范的韩国法律可转换公司债(CB),须在发行后2周内在法院登记机关登记,以确保对第三方的可执行性。
Q2:什么是RCPS?为何它是韩国主流创业投资工具?
RCPS(상환전환우선주,可赎回可转换优先股)集优先股息、赎回权(投资者可要求公司以原始投资价格回购股份)和转换权(可转换为普通股以实现IPO或并购退出)于一体,是在韩国《商法》框架内最接近美式优先股经济效益的工具,且其条款可在公司章程中完整规定以约束全体股东。
Q3:在韩国完成A轮投资需要多长时间?
典型的韩国A轮投资从条款清单到交割通常需要2至4个月,包括尽职调查(2至4周)、谈判与文件准备(3至6周)、章程修改与公司审批(1至2周)、股份发行与法院登记(2周)以及FIPA申报(投资后30天内)。
Q4:韩国股东协议中的拖售权和随售权是否可以强制执行?
是的,韩国法院在协议明确签署且行使条件明确界定时会支持拖售权和随售权。但若拖售权的行使价格明显低于市场价值,或旨在不公平挤压少数股东,可能因违反《民法》中的权利滥用原则(권리남용)而受到质疑。
Q5:韩国创业公司无法赎回RCPS时会发生什么?
若公司缺乏足够的可分配资金(잉여금),赎回权在法律上无法通过强制执行来实现。实践中,投资者通常以违约为触发条件,行使股东协议中的其他救济措施,如要求变更董事会席位、阻止进一步融资或追究创始人的个人担保(若有约定)。
Q6:外国风险基金是否需要韩国金融牌照才能投资韩国创业公司?
直接以私募方式投资韩国创业公司股权的外国风险基金通常不需要韩国金融牌照,但若该基金向韩国投资者募集资金,则可能需要在FSCMA下注册为集合投资机构或依赖豁免条款。合格投资的FIPA登记申报为强制要求,与基金结构无关。
Q7:韩国VC交易条款与美国VC交易条款的主要差异有哪些?
| 特征 | 韩国 | 美国 |
|---|---|---|
| 优先股工具 | RCPS(상환전환우선주) | 可转换优先股 |
| 赎回权 | 标准(5至7年期) | 风险交易中罕见 |
| 种子期可转换工具 | CB(전환사채)—须登记 | SAFE/可转换票据 |
| 反稀释标准 | 加权平均(常见)/完全棘轮(激进) | 宽基加权平均(标准) |
| IPO义务 | 常见(KOSDAQ尽力义务,5至7年) | 罕见(无合同IPO义务) |
| 外资申报 | FIPA(30天申报) | CFIUS(适用于国家安全相关交易) |
📚 相关文章
HANBYOL LAW LLC 为外国投资者、风险基金及韩国创业公司提供投资结构设计、条款谈判及韩国法律合规咨询服务。
📧 ujin95@hanbl.co.kr | 🌐 www.hanbl.co.kr
執筆:NOH UJIN 弁護士 | HANBYOL LAW LLC、ソウル
韓国スタートアップ投資契約:タームシートと転換社債の法律ガイド
過去10年で韓国のスタートアップエコシステムは大きく成熟しました。2020年に制定されたベンチャー投資促進法(벤처투자 촉진에 관한 법律,VIPA)により、フィンテック・ディープテック・Eコマース分野でユニコーン企業が生まれ、韓国は海外ベンチャー投資家にとって魅力的な市場となっています。ただし、韓国のスタートアップ投資実務には米国・欧州とは異なる独自の法的特性があります。
1. 法的基盤:ベンチャー投資と会社法
韓国のスタートアップ投資はVIPA、商法(상법)、中小企業創業支援法、資本市場法(FSCMA)、および外国投資促進法(FIPA)によって規律されます。
2. タームシート:構造と主要条件
韓国スタートアップ投資の主流商品は償還転換優先株式(상환전환우선주,RCPS)です。優先配当権、償還権(通常5〜7年後に行使可能)、転換権(普通株式への転換権)の3つの投資家保護機能を組み合わせています。RCPSの条件は会社の定款(정관)に明記する必要があり、そうでなければ第三者に対して無効となり、創業者と取締役が個人的責任を負う可能性があります。
3. 転換社債とSAFEスキーム
米国式SAFEは韓国会社法上認められた手段ではなく、法的不確実性があります。推奨されるのは商法第513条から516条が規律する転換社債(전환사채,CB)で、発行から2週間以内に法院登記所に登記する必要があります。
4. 株主間契約:韓国法上の主要条項
韓国の株主間契約(주주간계약)は署名者を拘束する私的契約で、先買権(우선매수청구권)、タグアロング権(동반매각청구권)、ドラッグアロング権(강제매각참여권)、IPO義務(通常5〜7年以内にKOSDAQ上場を努力義務として規定)、秘密保持・競業禁止条項などが含まれます。
5. 外国投資家のコンプライアンス:FIPAとFSCMA
1億ウォン以上(または発行済株式の10%以上)の外国投資は、投資後30日以内にKOTRAのInvest KOREAポータルまたは外国為替銀行に届け出る必要があります。国防・放送・通信等の戦略分野は事前政府承認が必要です。
6. エグジット手段
主要なエグジット手段:KOSDAQ上場(テック系ベンチャー企業の主要ルート)、M&A/戦略的売却、RCPS償還権行使、場外二次株式売買。
📌 公式参考資料
よくある質問(FAQ)
Q1:外国投資家は米国式SAFEで韓国スタートアップに投資できますか?
米国式SAFEは韓国会社法上認められた手段ではなく、法的不確実性があります。商法第513〜516条が規律する転換社債(CB)を使用することをお勧めします。CBは発行後2週間以内に法院登記所に登記することで第三者に対して強制執行可能となります。
Q2:RCPSとは何ですか?なぜ韓国スタートアップ投資の主流手段なのですか?
RCPS(상환전환우선주、償還転換優先株式)は、優先配当権、償還権(原資投資価格での買い戻し要求権)、転換権(普通株式への転換権)の3つを組み合わせた手段です。韓国商法の枠組み内で米国式優先株式の経済効果に最も近い手段であり、条件を定款に完全に規定することで全株主を拘束できます。
Q3:韓国でシリーズA投資を完了するにはどのくらいかかりますか?
典型的なシリーズAはタームシートからクロージングまで2〜4ヶ月かかります。デューデリジェンス(2〜4週)、交渉・文書化(3〜6週)、定款変更・会社承認(1〜2週)、株式発行・法院登記(2週)、FIPA届出(投資後30日以内)が含まれます。
Q4:ドラッグアロング・タグアロング条項は韓国で強制執行可能ですか?
韓国裁判所は、明確に署名された株主間契約に行使条件が明記されている場合、ドラッグアロング・タグアロング条項を支持します。ただし、著しく過小評価された価格でのドラッグアロング行使や少数株主を不当に排除する行使は、民法の権利濫用原則(권리남용)に基づき異議を申し立てられる可能性があります。
Q5:韓国スタートアップがRCPS償還に応じられない場合はどうなりますか?
会社に十分な可処分資金(잉여금)がない場合、償還権は法的に強制執行できません。実務上、投資家は契約違反を引き金として株主間契約の他の救済手段(取締役会構成の変更要求、さらなる資金調達の阻止、個人保証の追及等)を行使します。
Q6:外国ベンチャーファンドは韓国スタートアップに投資するために韓国の金融ライセンスが必要ですか?
直接私募で韓国スタートアップの株式に投資する外国ベンチャーファンドは通常、韓国の金融ライセンスは不要です。ただしファンドが韓国投資家から出資を募る場合は、FSCMAに基づく集合投資スキームの登録または適用免除の確認が必要です。適格投資のFIPA届出はファンド構造に関わらず義務です。
Q7:韓国VC取引条件と米国VC取引条件の主な違いは何ですか?
| 特徴 | 韓国 | 米国 |
|---|---|---|
| 優先株手段 | RCPS(償還転換優先株式) | 転換可能優先株 |
| 償還権 | 標準(5〜7年) | ベンチャー取引では稀 |
| シード転換手段 | CB(転換社債)—登記必須 | SAFE / 転換社債 |
| 希薄化防止 | 加重平均(一般)/ フルラチェット(積極的) | 広基加重平均(標準) |
| IPO義務 | 一般的(KOSDAQ努力義務、5〜7年) | 稀(契約上のIPO義務なし) |
| 外国投資家届出 | FIPA(30日以内届出) | CFIUS(安保案件のみ) |
📚 関連記事
HANBYOL LAW LLCは、外国投資家、ベンチャーファンド、韓国スタートアップに対し、投資ストラクチャリング、タームシート交渉、韓国法規制コンプライアンスを提供しています。
📧 ujin95@hanbl.co.kr | 🌐 www.hanbl.co.kr
Por el Abogado NOH UJIN | HANBYOL LAW LLC, Seúl
Acuerdos de Inversión en Startups: Hojas de Términos y Notas Convertibles bajo la Ley Coreana
El ecosistema de startups de Corea del Sur ha madurado considerablemente en la última década. Con la activa promoción gubernamental de la inversión de riesgo a través de la Ley de Promoción de la Inversión de Riesgo (VIPA, 2020), Corea se ha convertido en un destino atractivo para inversores de capital riesgo extranjeros y un mercado importante para startups que buscan financiación transfronteriza.
1. Base Jurídica: Inversión de Riesgo y Derecho Societario
La inversión en startups coreanas se rige por la VIPA, el Código de Comercio (상법), la Ley Especial de Apoyo a Startups, la Ley de Mercados de Capitales (FSCMA) y la Ley de Promoción de la Inversión Extranjera (FIPA).
2. Hojas de Términos: Estructura y Condiciones Clave
El instrumento de inversión predominante en Korea es la Acción Preferente Convertible y Rescatable (상환전환우선주, RCPS), que combina dividendos preferentes, un derecho de rescate (después de 5 a 7 años) y un derecho de conversión a acciones ordinarias. Los términos del RCPS deben estar reflejados en los Estatutos Sociales (정관) de la empresa; de lo contrario, son nulos frente a terceros.
3. Notas Convertibles y SAFE
El SAFE estadounidense no es un instrumento reconocido bajo el derecho societario coreano. La alternativa recomendada es el bono convertible coreano (전환사채, CB), regulado por los Artículos 513 a 516 del Código de Comercio, que debe registrarse en el Registro Mercantil dentro de las 2 semanas posteriores a su emisión.
4. Acuerdos de Accionistas: Disposiciones Clave
Los acuerdos de accionistas coreanos (주주간계약) incluyen derechos de tanteo (우선매수청구권), derechos de acompañamiento (동반매각청구권), derechos de arrastre (강제매각참여권), obligaciones de OPI (usualmente KOSDAQ en 5–7 años) y cláusulas de confidencialidad y no competencia.
5. Cumplimiento para Inversores Extranjeros: FIPA y FSCMA
Las inversiones extranjeras de KRW 100 millones o más (o el 10% o más del capital) deben comunicarse al portal Invest KOREA de KOTRA o a un banco de divisas en un plazo de 30 días. Los sectores estratégicos requieren aprobación gubernamental previa.
6. Mecanismos de Salida
Las principales vías de salida incluyen la cotización en KOSDAQ, fusiones y adquisiciones, el ejercicio del derecho de rescate del RCPS y la venta de acciones en el mercado secundario extrabursátil.
📌 Referencias Oficiales
Preguntas Frecuentes (FAQ)
P1: ¿Puede un inversor extranjero usar un SAFE estadounidense para invertir en una startup coreana?
El SAFE estadounidense no es reconocido por el derecho societario coreano y conlleva incertidumbre legal. La alternativa recomendada es el bono convertible coreano (CB), regulado por los Artículos 513–516 del Código de Comercio, que debe registrarse en el Registro Mercantil dentro de las 2 semanas para ser exigible frente a terceros.
P2: ¿Qué es el RCPS y por qué es el instrumento de inversión dominante en Corea?
El RCPS (Acción Preferente Convertible y Rescatable) combina dividendos preferentes, derecho de rescate (el inversor puede exigir la recompra a precio de coste) y derecho de conversión a acciones ordinarias. Es el instrumento dominante porque replica de forma más fiel la economía de las acciones preferentes estadounidenses dentro del marco del Código de Comercio coreano.
P3: ¿Cuánto tiempo lleva cerrar una ronda Serie A en Corea?
El proceso típico de una ronda Serie A coreana toma entre 2 y 4 meses, que incluyen la diligencia debida (2–4 semanas), negociación y documentación (3–6 semanas), modificación de estatutos (1–2 semanas), emisión de acciones y registro en el juzgado (2 semanas) y notificación FIPA (dentro de 30 días).
P4: ¿Son ejecutables los derechos de arrastre y acompañamiento en Corea?
Sí, los tribunales coreanos han aplicado estas disposiciones cuando están claramente documentadas en un acuerdo de accionistas firmado. Sin embargo, el ejercicio del derecho de arrastre a un precio claramente infravalorado o diseñado para perjudicar injustamente a una minoría puede impugnarse por abuso de derecho (권리남용) según el Código Civil.
P5: ¿Qué ocurre si una startup coreana no puede rescatar el RCPS cuando el inversor lo solicita?
Si la empresa carece de fondos distribuibles suficientes, el derecho de rescate no puede ejecutarse forzosamente. En la práctica, los inversores usan el incumplimiento para activar otros remedios del acuerdo de accionistas: cambio de composición del consejo, bloqueo de nueva financiación o ejecución de garantías personales de los fundadores.
P6: ¿Necesita un fondo de capital riesgo extranjero licencia financiera coreana para invertir en startups coreanas?
Los fondos extranjeros que invierten directamente en capital de startups coreanas en colocación privada no necesitan generalmente licencia financiera coreana. Sin embargo, si el fondo capta inversores coreanos, puede requerir registro como vehículo de inversión colectiva bajo la FSCMA. El registro FIPA es obligatorio para inversiones cualificadas independientemente de la estructura del fondo.
P7: ¿Cuáles son las principales diferencias entre los términos VC coreanos y estadounidenses?
| Característica | Corea | Estados Unidos |
|---|---|---|
| Instrumento preferente | RCPS | Acción Preferente Convertible |
| Derecho de rescate | Estándar (5–7 años) | Infrecuente en operaciones VC |
| Instrumento semilla convertible | CB (전환사채) – con registro | SAFE / Nota Convertible |
| Antilusión | Media ponderada / Trinquete completo | Media ponderada amplia |
| Obligación OPI | Común (KOSDAQ, 5–7 años) | Infrecuente (sin obligación contractual) |
| Notificación inversor extranjero | FIPA (30 días) | CFIUS (si aplica seguridad nacional) |
📚 Artículos Relacionados
- Acuerdos de Empresa Conjunta en Corea
- Due Diligence en M&A en Corea
- Derecho Marítimo y de Navegación en Corea
HANBYOL LAW LLC asesora a inversores extranjeros, fondos de capital riesgo y startups coreanas en estructuración de inversiones, negociación de hojas de términos y cumplimiento normativo bajo la legislación coreana.
📧 ujin95@hanbl.co.kr | 🌐 www.hanbl.co.kr
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